Negligence: Duty of Care and Buick Motor Co.

Negligence, duty and Breach of Duty. To constitute a legal action against some one’s negligence, several requirements to be fulfilled. First one is that there must exist some duty of care towards the plaintiff by the defendant. The second one is that the defendant should breach such duty of care imposed on him. The third one is that the negligence done by the defendant should be the cause of the harm resulted to the plaintiff. The fourth one is that the harm should have some monetary value. In Haynes V Harwood (1935) 1 KB 146 at 152, Judge Greer L.J, pointed out these requirements in his judgement stating that â€Å" Negligence in the air will not do: negligence, in order to give a cause of action, must be the neglect of some duty owed to the person who makes the claim†. The simple meaning is that if one done negligence actions, in a place, which is untouched by other people, in such a place, there would not arise a duty of care toward others. Therefore the question of the breach of such duty of care would also not arise. In such a situation a legal action on negligence can not be instituted.To understand above elements pertaining to negligence in law of tort, we shall discuss them in detail. Duty of Care In  tort law, a  duty of care  is a  legal  obligation  imposed on an individual requiring that they adhere to a standard  of  reasonable  care while performing any acts that could foreseeably harm others. It is the first element that must be established to proceed with an action in  negligence. The claimant must  be able to show  a duty of care imposed by law which the defendant has breached.The duty of care may be imposed  by  operation of law  between individuals with no  current  direct relationship (familial or contractual or otherwise), but eventually become related in some manner. At common law, duties were formerly limited to those with whom one was in  privity  one way or another, as exemplified by c ases like  Winterbottom v. Wright  (1842). In the early 20th century, judges began to recognize that enforcing the privity requirement against hapless consumers had harsh results in many  product liability  cases.The idea of a general duty of care that runs to all who could be foreseeably affected by one's conduct (accompanied by the demolishing of the privity barrier) first appeared in the landmark U. S. case of  MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co. (1916) and was imported into UK law by another landmark case,  Donoghue v Stevenson  [1932]. MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co. , 217 N. Y. 382, 111 N. E. 1050 (1916) A famous  New York Court of Appeals  opinion by Judge  Benjamin N. Cardozo  which removed the requirement of  privity of contract  for duty in  negligence  actions The  plaintiff, Donald C.MacPherson, a stonecutter, was injured when one of the wooden wheels of his 1909 â€Å"Buick Runabout† collapsed. The  defendant,  Buick Motor Company, had manufactured the vehicle, but not the wheel, which had been manufactured by another party but installed by defendant. It was conceded that the defective wheel could have been discovered upon inspection. The defendant denied liability because the plaintiff had purchased the automobile from a dealer, not directly from the defendant. The portion of the MacPherson  opinion in which Cardozo demolished the privity bar to recovery is as follows: If the nature of a thing is such that it is reasonably certain to place life and limb in peril when negligently made, it is then a thing of danger. Its nature gives warning of the consequence to be expected. If to the element of danger there is added knowledge that the thing will be used by persons other than the purchaser, and used without new tests, then, irrespective of contract, the manufacturer of this thing of danger is under a duty to make it carefully. That is as far as we need to go for the decision of this case . . . . If he is neglige nt, where danger is to be oreseen, a liability will follow† Donoghue v. Stevenson  [1932] The case of  Donoghue v. Stevenson  [1932] illustrates the law of negligence, laying the foundations of the  fault  principle around the Commonwealth. The Plaintiff, Donoghue, drank ginger beer given to her by a friend, who bought it from a shop. The beer was supplied by a manufacturer, Stevenson in Scotland. While drinking the drink, Donoghue discovered the remains of an allegedly decomposed  slug. She then sued Stevenson, though there was no relationship of contract, as the friend had made the payment.As there was no  contract,  the doctrine of  privity  prevented a direct action against the manufacturer. In his ruling, justice Lord MacMillan defined a new category of delict (the Scots law nearest equivalent of tort), ( based on â€Å"implied warranty of fitness of a product† in a completely different category of tort–â€Å"products liability†) b ecause it was analogous to previous cases about people hurting each other. Lord Atkin interpreted the biblical passages to ‘love thy neighbour,' as the legal requirement to ‘not harm thy neighbour. He then went on to define neighbour as â€Å"persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question. Reasonably foreseeable harm must be compensated†. This is the first principle of negligence. Breach of the Duty The test is both subjective and objective. The defendant who knowingly (subjective) exposes the plaintiff/claimant to a substantial risk of loss, breaches that duty.The defendant who fails to realize the substantial risk of loss to the plaintiff/claimant, which any  reasonable person  [objective] in the same situation would clearly have realized, also breaches that duty. Breach of duty is not limited to professionals or persons under written or oral contract; all members of society have a duty to exercise reasonable care toward others and their property. A person who engages in activities that pose an unreasonable risk toward others and their property that actually results in harm, breaches their duty of reasonable care.An example is shown in the facts of  Bolton v. Stone,[5]  a 1951 legal case decided by the  House of Lords  which established that a defendant is not negligent if the damage to the plaintiff was not a reasonably foreseeable consequence of his conduct. In the case, a Miss Stone was struck on the head by a cricket ball while standing outside her house. Cricket balls were not normally hit a far enough distance to pose a danger to people standing as far away as was Miss Stone.Although she was injured, the court held that she did not have a legitimate claim because the danger was not sufficiently foreseeable. Causation For a defendant to be held  liable, it must be shown that the particular acts or omissions were the cause of the loss or damage sustained. Although the notion sounds simple, the causation between one's breach of duty and the harm that results to another can at times be very complicated. The basic test is to ask whether the injury would have occurred but for, or without, the accused party's breach of the duty owed to the injured party.Even more precisely, if a breaching party materially increases the risk of harm to another, then the breaching party can be sued to the value of harm that he caused. Sometimes causation is one part of a multi-stage test for legal liability. For example for the defendant to be held liable for the tort of negligence, the defendant must have (1) owed the plaintiff a  duty of care; (2) breached that duty; (3) by so doing caused  damage  to the plaintiff; and (4) that damage must not have been too remote. Causation is but one component of the tort.On other occasions causation is the only r equirement for legal liability (other than the fact that the outcome is proscribed). For example in the law ofproduct liability, the fact that the defendant's product caused the plaintiff harm is the only thing that matters. The defendant need not also have been negligent. On still other occasions, causation is irrelevant to legal liability altogether. For example, under a contract of  indemnity insurance, the  insurer  agrees to indemnify the  victim  for harm not caused by the insurer, but by other parties.Where establishing causation is required to establish legal liability, it is usually said that it involves a two-stage inquiry. The first stage involves establishing ‘factual’ causation. Did the defendant act in the plaintiff’s loss? This must be established before inquiring into legal causation. The second stage involves establishing ‘legal’ causation. This is often a question of public policy: is this the sort of situation in which, d espite the outcome of the factual enquiry, we might nevertheless release the defendant from liability, or impose liability?

George Mead Theory Essay

â€Å"the self is something which has a development; it is not initially there, at birth, but arises in the process of social experience and activity, that is, develops in the given individual as a result of his relations to that process as a whole and to other individuals within that process.† * was an American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the University of Chicago, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists * He is regarded as one of the founders of social psychology and the American sociological tradition in general. * Mead is well-known for his theory of the social self, which is based on the central argument that the self is a social emergent. * Mead’s most widely read work, Mind, Self and Society, gives priority to society over the mind and highlights the idea that the social leads to the development of mental states. * Mind is a process, not a thing, and it is found in social phenomena rather than within individu als. * The self occupies a central place in Mead’s theory. * Self is essentially a social structure and it arises in social experience. It is the unique combination of the roles and individual play in relation to others – the complex blending of individual motivations and socially desirable responses. * The self consists of an â€Å"I† which the active side and as object, called â€Å"me†. * Infants begin with no self. As they learn to use the language and other symbols, the self emerges through play which involves taking the roles of significant others. * Gradually children move from simpler games to more complex ones involving others such as team sports. Mead called this generalized others to refer to the general cultural norms and values people use as references in evaluating others. * Mead defines self as the ability to take oneself as an object and identifies basic mechanism of the development of the self as reflexivity – the ability to put ourselves into the place of others and acts as they act. * Self can arise only through social experiences, and the traces its development to two stages in childhood: the play stage and game stage. * Play stage – children learn how to take the attitude of particular others themselves. * Game stage – children learn how to take the role of many others and the attitude of the generalized other. * I – is the immediate response of an individual to others; it is unpredictable and creative aspect of the self. * Me – is the organized set of attitudes of others that an individual assumes; it is how society dominates the individual and is a source of social control. Mead’s theory on social self * The social conception of the self entails that individual selves are the product of social interaction and not the logical or biological preconditions of that interaction. It is not initially there at birth but arises in the process of social experience and activity. * Language – allows individuals to take on the â€Å"role of the other† and allows people to respond to his or her own gestures in terms of symbolized attitudes of others. * Is communication via â€Å"significant symbols† and it is through significant communication that the individual is able to take the attitudes of others toward his/herself. Language is not only a â€Å"necessary mechanism† of the mind, but also the primary social foundation of self. * Play – individuals take on the roles of other people and pretend to be those other people in order to express the expectation of significant others. * This process of role-playing is the key to generation of self-consciousness and to the general development of the self. * In the play, the child takes the role of another and acts as though he/she were the other. This form of role-playing involves a single role at a time. Thus, the other which comes into the child’s experience in play is a â€Å"specific other† * Game – individual is required to internalize the roles of all others who are involved with him or her in the game and must comprehend the rules of the game. * Is the stage of social process at which * Generalized other- organized and generalized attitude of a social group. * consists of a composite of all those who contribute and participate in one’s society * The individual defines his or her own behavior with reference to the generalized attitude of the social group(s) they occupy. When an individual can view him/herself from the standpoint of the generalized other, self-consciousness in the full sense of the terms is attained. * Me – represents the expectations and the attitudes of others (generalized others). It is the organized set of attitudes others that the individual assumes. * Is the social self * The organized set of attitudes of others which one himself assumes * is that part of the â€Å"self† which comes about as a result of the individual’s internalization of society’s values and behavior expectations * I – is the response to the â€Å"me†, or the person’s individuality. * Response of the organism to the attitudes of others * is that part of the â€Å"self† which is spontaneous * Self – develops by internalizing the norms of one’s society * Significant other – are those with whom the individual has an â€Å"important† relationship

Internal and External Sourcing Strategies Essay

Internal sourcing refers to utilizing internal labor for the official undertakings while outsourcing refers to bringing manpower, goods or services from international organizations. It is a decision on either to produce goods or services internally within the organization or to purchase them from external organizations. The goal of internal versus external sourcing is to secure needed commodities at the finest promising cost, while making best use of the wherewithal of the organization. Factors that might influence our decision may include: rates, standby capacity within the organization, the need for firm quality and agenda control, elasticity, the enrichment of skills that can then be utilized in other ways, size and economies of scale, employment of existing personnel, the need for confidentiality, capital and backing requirements, and the impending consistency of supply. Global Sourcing: According to the definitions of business dictionary, Global sourcing is a procurement strategy used to illustrate the exercise of sourcing from the worldwide marketplace for goods and services. The purpose of global sourcing is to bank on the most cost efficient location to make use of global competence in the delivery of goods and services. For example if a textile industry finds that the production & delivery of their products is economical in some other countries, they would either close the industry in their respective country and start production in the most reasonable location. Or otherwise they can recruit human resource from low cost countries or start a sister outlet of their company in there. These efficiencies comprise low price skillful   Ã‚  labor, reasonable cost raw material and additional financial aspects like tax evasions and reduced business duties etc. Common instances of globally sought out goods or services include: labor- concentrated fabricated product produ ced utilizing low-cost Chinese man power, call centers provided with affordable   English speaking staffs from developing countries like Philippines and India, and computerized work executed by economical operators from India and Eastern Europe. Global sourcing is not bound to low-cost countries. Majority of companies today endeavor to take advantage of global sourcing with reduced cost. Hence it is universally found that global sourcing programs form an essential ingredient of the procurement strategy of several global companies. International procurement organizations (or IPOs) are always a helpful to hunt international market for a company. These procurement organizations assume prime duty to discover plus build up key suppliers to assist gratify intermittent sourcing conditions of the mother organization. Such associations lend a hand to make available center of attention in country- based sourcing attempts. Specifically in the instance of big and composite states, such as China, where a variety of sub- marketplaces continue living and dealers widen the whole value series of goods, such IPOs prove fundamental in that regard for information. Over time, these IPOs may raise to become a holistic procurement organization in their own footing, with entirely occupied category authorities and quality assurance squads. It is therefore fundamental for firms to conspicuously describe an incorporation and range -up sketch for the IPO. According to estimates of A D&B Company, 60 percent of companies in USA today out source from China as a fraction of their low-cost sourcing strategies, and around half of their Low-cost Country Sourcing expenditure is for objects— such as fragments, circuit boards, wires and other spare parts used in finished products. According to a survey, the observance of global sourcing in the retail and customer sector is booming, The following countries according to Aberdeen Group reports are generally hunted as growing markets for low cost country sourcing: China,   Thailand,   Vietnam,   India,   Ukraine,   Romania,   Bulgaria,   Mexico and   Brazil. Advantages:  · Global Sourcing helps businesses to estimate strategies to venture in a latent market.  · It helps tap into talents or means that are available internationally.  · Helps to generate alternate contractors/supplier resources to arouse completion which   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  would elevate gross supplying potential. Disadvantages: Some disadvantages of global sourcing may include:  · Concealed costs correlated with diverse societies and time zones.  · Unearthing reliable contractors or suppliers in unfamiliar zones are also very tough.  · Contact with will developing or emerging economies would result in economical and political risks.  · Foreign exchange regulations may be tough & rigid. Their may be constraints to business licensing.  · Project executive confrontations in relation to migrating manufacturing operations successfully. Why Prefer Outsourcing? According to the findings of Aberdeen Group there are several grounds why manufacturers prefer outsourcing, but too much outsourcing may bring pitfalls and challenges. Cost-adjustment is not the primary cause to subcontract, but its undoubtedly an essential element.  · Outsourcing alters constant costs into variable costs, generates resources for investment somewhere else in a specific industry, and permits to evade enormous expenses in the early stages of business. This act can also make the company captivating to investors.  · An outsider’s rate configuration and economy of scale can bestow company a significant competitive advantage.  · Recruiting and preparing staff for short-term ventures can be an expensive undertaking and short-term employees don’t always live up to company’s expectations. Outsourcing can help concentrate on human resources wherever they need them most.  · A good outsourcing helps start new projects fast. Outsiders come up with more passion and show zeal towards working.  · Through low cost country sourcing developing countries can economically uplift themselves due to investments from global markets which would also attract other potential investors.  · Startup Capital— few countries harmonize government funds venture capital with private capital to begin that businesses in their country.  · Tax relaxations— Countries offer tax relaxations to stir manufacturing undertakings as to defy high business taxes within another country.  · Scalability — the outsourced company is often prepared to handle any temporary or permanent escalation or plummet in production of goods  · Creating leisure time— large organizations may wish to outsource their work as to optimize their work-leisure. Conclusion: In a lot many ways is global outsourcing preferred by multinational in all sorts of their undertakings. Since it helps market their products or services globally bring home more revenues. This process always helps bring innovative minds to the mother organization. But those recruiting corporate have to be very cautious when comes to hiring people from areas that they aren’t much familiar. It can cause security concerns as well. However, big companies undoubtedly deliberate first and then ponder on outsourcing. Thus we can say that global outsourcing which is a procurement strategy helps bring people together creating a diverse or multicultural environment which with managerial expertise can bring innovations and various benefits to our potential customers.

Nature and Meditation in Romantic Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nature and Meditation in Romantic Poetry - Essay Example Thus poetry is the vehicle for the spiritual elevation of humankind. In the Western world, the Romantic Poets express their spiritual feelings through descriptions of nature .Although deeply religious, they see God through nature , unlike their predecessors for whom religion was a stern affair. English Romanticism ,in particular, presented a break with the tradition by its individualism and encouragement of the imagination .The Romantic poets experienced the most sublime through nature. Romanticism emerged in the late eighteenth century as an inevitable reaction against the empirical thinking and stern reasoning that was in vogue earlier. Philosophers like Rousseau(1712-1778)urged that only in nature that mankind could find freedom of spirit. The American Revolution and the French Revolution acted as catalysts for the Romantic Movement .William Wordsworth (1770-1850) and John Keats(1795-1821)were two of the greatest English Romantic poets who found inspiration in nature . In their poetry they use descriptions of nature to raise the mind to mystic heights. William Wordsworth, one of the foremost Romantic poets, brings out the feeling of "passionate meditation" in his famous poem, Tintern Abbey. The poem conveys a feeling of deep silence and meditation attained through connecting with nature. That on a wild secluded scene impress Thoughts of more deep seclusion; and connect The landscape with the quiet of the sky. (6,7,8) (Wordsworth 1798) According to Geoffrey Hartman, for Wordsworth nature is "not something to be worshipped and consumed, but always a guide, leading beyond itself."(Hartman,290)We see this even when he is at his most exuberant, describing daffodils in "I wandered lonely as a cloud" I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. (1-6)(Wordsworth 1803) The poet's heart sings at the eternal spectacle of nature "Lonely as a cloud" suggests the solitude needed for meditation, while,in contrast, "crowd, a host " expresses the feeling of multitudes. .He experiences a feeling akin to meditation which recurs whenever he is "in a pensive mood" , when the multitude of daffodils "flash upon the inward eye" with the ensuing "Bliss of solitude". "Tintern Abbey" is the outstanding work of Wordsworth published in 1798,and it shows how he developed a vivid and personal approach which connects meditation to sensation in a unique way. In this poem, the brilliant lyric is transcendental; the theme is exalted by the underlying love for his sister. The emotions compliment the visual scene, the memories enrich the moral ideas. Here he feels the presence which encourages him to meditate on the oneness of all things in nature. He rhapsodizes, And I have felt A presence that disturbs me with the joy Of elevated thoughts; a sense sublime Of something far more deeply interfused, Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns, And the round ocean and the living air, And the blue sky, and in the mind of man; A motion and a spirit that impels All thinking things, all objects of all thought, And rolls through all things.

The Controversial Classic of Huckleberry Finn Essay

The Controversial Classic of Huckleberry Finn - Essay Example The book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, has always been a controversial topic of discussion, due to its content. Its content includes a story of a young boy, Huck, which helps his slave friend, Jim, to escape to the North to gain his freedom during the 1830s in the United States. Although Huck is very young, he grew up to that age in a slave society, which consequently leads him to be racist towards other slaves. His racism is seen throughout the novel and is also the main reason the book is so controversial. The racism in the book to some extent encourages a motivation to use the n-word. Many articles about this book suggest that the book should be taught for several reasons. They suggest the book should be taught due to the viewpoint it gives on slavery or the fact that this book was purely a recitation of the radical and unjust events which took place in the South during the period of slavery and therefore, is historically accurate. These arguments do come off as logical, ye t they are insufficient. The damage this book inflicts to black students being taught Huck Finn is very crucial. Black students will experience the pain of the word "nigger" throughout this unit even if it is not applied to them directly. Huck Finn should not be taught due to a multitude of reasons such as its excessive use of derogatory terms, teachers' inability to teach Huck Finn in a multiracial classroom without creating an unjust situation for black students, and due to the better alternative books about this time era.

Marketing channel article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Marketing channel article - Essay Example The competition is reacting accordingly in order to ensure Amazon does not steal market share away from them. â€Å"Companies like Walmart, Best Buy and Toys â€Å"R† Us have already announced that they will not be undersold and will match any competitors’ prices in a printed flyer or website† (Loeb). The use of a matching pricing strategy can help retailers retain market share, but it does so at the expense of lowering profitability. The pricing strategies that are being used by major retailers are benefiting the customers who are going to be able to obtain bargain prices on many products. Best Buy plans to match competitors prices as well, but this firm believes that they have a competitive advantage over Amazon because they are able to physically show its customers the products they want to buy in their showrooms, while at the same time offering great prices though its website. For other retailers such as Toys R Us Christmas season is more important to them since most of their yearly sales are dependent on the arrival of Santa Claus on Christmas. A matching pricing strategy was an obvious move for them due to their dependency on Christmas sales. Amazon is leading the pack this Christmas season by offering daily sales on a high variety of items. The pricing strategy of Amazon intends to increase its market share as much as possible. It all starts on Black Friday for Amazon with deals on popular items such as sm artphones, diamond rings, and Wrangler jeans. After Black Friday the company intends on adding deals each day on different items in order to motivate buyers to make purchases. Last year Amazon lead the industry with 2,840 prices changes on Black Friday. Most of the prices changes were down, but some went up in order to offset the loss of profitability of reducing prices. This article showed that pricing is a critical factor that affects the buying behavior of consumers. Companies competing for market shares

Hybridoma technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hybridoma technology - Essay Example This proposal is still being pursued today since antibodies combine specificity (the ability to exquisitely discriminate diverse harmful molecules) and affinity (the ability to tightly lock onto those targets) with the ability to recruit effector functions of the immune system such as antibody- and complement-mediated cytolysis and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). In the alternative, a "toxic payload" (such as a radioactive element or a plant toxin) attached to the antibody can be accurately delivered to the target. This makes them suitable for homing in on and killing cancer cells, infectious diseases as well as modulating the immune system by binding and inhibiting or enhancing its regulatory molecules thereby curing autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. White blood cells (B-lymphocytes) of the immune system in higher organisms produce antibodies which are large, glycoprotein molecules. The function of the antibodies is to recognise and attach matter harmful to the organism, thereby marking it out for other components of the immune system to destroy. The organism makes millions of different types of antibodies; each designed to bind a surface feature (the epitope or antigenic determinant) on the foreign body (the antigen). The most common human antibody, IgG, is shaped like the capital letter "Y", IgE, IgD, IgA, IgM are other types of antibodies Overtime, antibodies have been produced from the serum of animals. Serum contains a cocktail of antibodies (polyclonals), some of which will attach to the antigen. Since when Emil Behring, in1890, published a paper demonstrating that diphtheria antitoxin serum could protect against a lethal dose of diphtheria toxin; antisera has been used to neutralise pathogens in acute disease as well as prophylactically. Antisera is also widely used in vitro as a diagnostic tool to establish and monitor disease. The problem with using antisera for treatment is that it leads to "serum sickness" - basically the patient's immune system reacts against the harmful proteins causing fevers, rashes, joint pains and sometimes life-threatening anaphylactic shock. Also, the serum is a crude extract containing not only the antibodies against the disease-causing pathogen (often at low concentration), but also unrelated antibodies (plus other non-antibody proteins). In 1975, Csar Milstein and Georges Khler at the Medical Research Council's (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge (UK) developed a way to produce "custom-built" antibodies "in vitro" with relative ease. They injected rodent antibody producing cells with immortal tumour cells (myelomas) from the bone marrow of mice to produce a hybridoma. A hybridoma has the cancer's ability to reproduce almost indefinitely, plus the immune cell's ability to make antibodies. Once screened, to isolate the hybridomas producing antibodies of a determined antigen specificity and required affinity - and given the right nutrients - a hybridoma will grow and divide almost indefinitely, mass-producing antibodies of a single type (monoclonals). This resembled a production-line with batch consistency for Ehrlich's "magic bullets". For this breakthrough these scientists (Csar Milstein and Georges Khler) won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984. Immuno-cytochemical staining has

Systematic Approach to Higher Education Administration Research Paper

Systematic Approach to Higher Education Administration - Research Paper Example This discussion stresses that  the administration of regional institutions that offer higher education must be approached systematically in order to realize the most desirable results. Further, decentralizing education in the context of establishing regional institutes of higher education largely contributes to regional development. A systematic approach that brings institutes of higher education together with regional stakeholders such as local government, organizations of social development and industries facilitates the alignment of teaching, civic engagement and research with regional development strategies.According to the study findings the process of systems thinking will entail developing models that promote how events are understood and the behavioral patterns that result in such events as well as the underlying structures that are responsible for such behavioral patterns. In that perspective, this paper will explore the viability of developing an international campus in C anada for the University of Wyoming. The focus will be on state and institution governance structure and interrelationships and intra-relationships among the structures that govern the institution. It will further discuss the governance structure for the Canadian campus and the major legal and regulatory issues relevant to the expansion as well as budgetary and policy considerations at the regional, local and institutional levels.

Project risk and Procurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project risk and Procurement - Essay Example The differences appear because the future is not known or is not exactly predictable. Thus, it is evident that risk exists from the onset of an activity. The risks generally arise because either there are hazards within the activity or there is a lack of certainty about the activity which is being undertaken. Therefore, the nature of risks becomes identifiable in terms of information, control and resources (skills, money, time and equipment). Broadly, risk can be classified as litigation, reputation risk and environmental risk (Lansdowne, 1999). For example, one of the major cigarette manufacturing companies had to recall around 3 million cigarettes once it became aware of the fact that their cigarettes were potentially contaminated. This created significant negative publicity for the company and resulted in loss of reputation (Egbuji, 1999). Furthermore, this has also resulted in reduced revenue. In the similar way, Toyota, the giant car manufacturing company had to recall a number of products because of some issues in the braking system. This hampered the reputation of the firm badly (Elsenstein, 2013). However, the activities of Toyota after this incident took place, exemplifies the way how a company should manage its risks. This report seeks to investigate about the different types of risks associated with project management. In addition, the report will also throw light on activities undertaken by companies for managing the risks in small and large projects. The risk measurement techniques usually applied by the companies will be also discussed in this project. Risk in Project Management In the recent past, major corporate disasters such as the Enron Collapse, insolvency of Lehman Brothers etc. have increased the need of efficient corporate governance (Cervone, 2004). Similarly, catastrophic natural disasters, such as Earthquakes, Tsunami and man-made tragedies such as terrorism activities have greatly increased the risk awareness and its consequences (Bar ki, Rivard and Talbot, 2001). A company involved in project activities also encompasses different risk management activities (OGC, 2007; Otway, 1992). There are several types of risks associated with projects such as mechanical engineering, construction projects or information technology projects. In the context of project management, risk is defined as â€Å"a problem that has not happened†, but is yet to occur (Pavlak, 2004, p.20). As a result of that risk management is positioned high in every project manager’s agenda (Pender, 2001). There are various types of risks associated with project management. The most common risks are as follows: - Cost risk: - Cost risk is typically the escalation of the project cost due to improper estimation of the cost and scope creep. The cost risks are directly associated with the financials of the company. One of the most common examples of cost risk is the over budget. Project managers often falter in determining the cost requiremen t of the entire project and as a result of that the budget exceeds and companies experiences financial loss (Williams, 2005). Schedule Risk: - The schedule risk is the type risk in which managers fear that a certain activity will take longer than the expected time. Such kind of

Is judicial review consistent with democratic ideals Term Paper

Is judicial review consistent with democratic ideals - Term Paper Example For Marx and Engels, there is no supernatural being, only matter exists and as such, humans are alienated from material conditions. In this case, alienation is only eliminated when true freedom is achieved The first premise of this theory therefore, is the existence of living human individuals who then engage in economic activities for their subsistence and in the process develop relations that form the basis of legal and political superstructures. However, to achieve freedom societies go through conflicts or class struggles whereby the ruling class is overthrown and new order established. So according to the Communist manifesto by Marx and Engels â€Å"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.†1This struggle or historical process ends when man achieves true freedom through a socialist state or communism. The theory is well expounded in the Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy written in 1859 by Marx. While this t heory has gained a lot of prominence over the years, it has been under scrutiny for decades owing to the failure of communism in the Twentieth Century such as in the Soviet Union and emergence of states that do not conform to Marx’s theory such as in China. The insistence on the role of economic forces in shaping history has also been disputed by sociologists over the years. Despite all these criticisms, it is apparent that historical materialism can withstand the test of time and continues to be relevant even today. This paper will discuss the primary features of the theory as an account of historical development and change. It will also evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the theory in explaining historical development. To do this, I will utilize the works of Marx and Engels such as the German ideology, communist manifesto, a contribution to the critique of political economy and theory of surplus value. To understand the theory of historical materialism, it is essentia l to understand the theory upon which it is based and that is the dialectics by Geog Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Hegel was a German philosopher interested more on ideas as opposed to the reality thus the use of dialectical methods. This dialectical method is the foundation of Marxism. According to Hegel, there exists a supernatural being beyond the reach of human beings. Humans are separated from this supernatural or Absolute and can thus only perceive the world through economic and material lenses and reality is turned upside down by perceptions.2 According to Hegel, humans can only be reunited with the Absolute through a historical process and once they are reunited, it is the end of history. This progressive movement towards the Absolute is aided by the dialectical process which according to Shimp involves increasing awareness thus gradually replacing man’s perception of reality with newer and truer forms.3 For dialectical process to work there must be contradictions which he refers as thesis and antithesis. The thesis is higher in rank than the antithesis but in the process of competition, the antithesis overthrows the thesis and a new thesis or synthesis is achieved. The thesis and antithesis are not opposites in the real manner but are oppositions such as a master and servant and wherever there is a thesis, there must be an antithesis. As such, when a new thesis is established, a new antithesis emerges to compete with the thesis and the process

Assessment of the Investment Procedures of Metrobank Essay Example for Free

Assessment of the Investment Procedures of Metrobank Essay I. Metrobank A. History Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company (Metrobank) was established by a group of businessmen on September 5, 1962 at the Wellington Building in Binondo, Manila. In August 1963, the bank’s first branch was established in Divisoria. Four years later, Metrobank opened its Davao branch, the bank’s first provincial branch. At the onset of the 70s, Metrobank opened its first international branch in Taipei. The Central Bank, on April 1977, authorized Metrobank to operate a Foreign Currency Deposit Unit (FCDU). In the same year, branches and offices totaled 100 and the bank inaugurated its new Head Office at Metrobank Plaza in Makati. On August 21, 1981, the Central Bank authorized Metrobank to operate as a universal bank. Following the grant of the universal banking license, Metrobank entered the following ventures: the acquisition of majority ownership of Philippine Savings Bank (the second largest savings bank in the country at that time); the establishment of a joint travel agency venture with Thomas Cook Group in Thomas Cook Phils., Inc. in 1986; and the tying-up with Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan and Mitsui to put up Toyota Motor Philippines in 1988. Metrobank subsequently entered into joint ventures with several renowned corporations like Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation of Japan to create Sumigin Metro Investment Corporation; the National Mutual Holdings Ltd. of Australia to create Philippine AXA Life Insurance Corporation; and the ORIX of Japan to create ORIX Metro Leasing and Finance Corporation. The Old Metrobank Logo used until 2009 In September 1982, the number of Metrobank branches, offices and subsidiaries surpassed the 200 mark. A year later, Metrobank topped the entire private domestic bank in total resources with P8.8 billion. The bank continued to experience steady growth through the years and in September 1989, it increased its authorized capital stock from P2 billion to P5 billion. The bank’s total capital funds on June 30, 2006 stood at P57.3 billion. Its consolidated resources amounted to P588.1 billion as of the same period. As of June 2007 assets reached P669.1 billion ($14.5 billion) (P46=$1). Metrobank’s subsidiaries are Toyota Motor Philippines Corporation, Philippine Savings Bank, First Metro Investment Corporation, Metrobank Card Corporation, ORIX Metro Leasing and Finance Corporation, SMBC Metro Investment Corporation, First Metro Travelex (formerly Thomas Cook (Phils.)), Philippine AXA Life Insurance Corporation, Mirant Global Corporation, Philippine Charter Insurance Corporation, MBTC Technology, Inc., Toyota Financial Services Corporation, Toyota Cubao, Inc., Toyota Manila Bay Corporation, First Metro Securities Corporation, First Metro International Investment Co. Ltd., Metropolitan Bank (Bahamas) Ltd., MB Remittance Center Inc. (USA), Metro Remittance Singapore, Metro Remittance UK Limited, Metro Remittance (Italia) SpA, Metro Remittance S.A. (Spain) and MBTC Exchange Services GmbH (Austria). The Metrobank Group has a combined network of over 800 local and international branches/offices, remittance offices and subsidiaries worldwide. It has 557 domestic branches and 32 offices in New York, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul, Pusan, Guam, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Madrid, Barcelona, Vienna, Rome, Bologna, Milan, Singapore, Chicago, Hawaii, and Shanghai. On September 28, 2009, Metrobank is the first local bank to offer a line of CNY denominated offerings B. Company Profile Founded in September 5, 1962, Metropolitan Bank Trust Co. (Metrobank) has since become the premier universal bank and among the foremost financial institutions in the Philippines. It offers a full range of banking and other financial products and services, including corporate, commercial and consumer banking, as well as credit card, remittances, leasing, investment banking and trust banking. Metrobank currently spans a consolidated network of over 1,400 ATMs nationwide; over 760 domestic branches; and 38 foreign branches, subsidiaries, and representative offices. II. Investment A. Definition Investment is the action or process of investing money for profit or material result or a thing that is worth buying because it may be profitable or useful in the future. B. Investment Procedures Described here are the norms, infrastructure, standards, and procedures by which we can continually safeguard customer information and ensure its confidentiality, with your help, subject to the limitations prescribed in Section V (Limit on Liability) of the Terms and Conditions for Individual customers and Section XI (Limit on Liability) of the metrobankdirect Memorandum of Agreement for Corporate customers. In order to help you clearly understand our commitment in keeping the privacy of your information and upholding the security of your transactions, please note that the words â€Å"we†, â€Å"us†, and â€Å"our† refer to Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company (Metrobank), the flagship company of the Metrobank Group. The words â€Å"you† and â€Å"your† refer to the individual/s or corporate customer/s who opened and maintain/s one or more account/s with Metrobank and enrolled in metrobankdirect.

Psychology-Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Psychology-Decision Making Essay Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How does it happen that managers take decisions which lead them to failures? What decision-making mechanisms do they inactivate when they take such decisions? This paper is aimed at analyzing these psychological implications. Psychology Decision Making   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is not rare that managers take decisions which lead them to failure. These failures often become the headlines and the top stories of newspapers and magazines. However, has anyone analyzed the psychological implications of such decisions? What psychological theories could explain such managers’ behavior, and what useful recommendations could be drawn from such cases?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Problem identification   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The case of Sears, when owned by Edward S. Lampert, is the most recent example of a large managerial mistake, having led to significant financial and economic losses. On January 29, 2008 Lampert pushed out his chief executive, but what is more important, he took decision to distance himself from the day-to-day management of his enterprise. â€Å"Until now, the heads of several major departments, like marketing and merchandising, reported directly to Mr. Lampert, even though he has no background in retailing or advertising† (Barbaro, 2008). It is crucial to understand, how Lampert came to the idea of day-to-day management of his enterprise, although he did not have enough professional skills for that    Theoretical background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is stated, that â€Å"we are likely, social constructed individuals. Our experiences, our cultures, our social order, shape our motivations, our desires, and our beliefs about the world we encounter† (Plous, 1993). Our management decisions are shaped are also shaped under the impact of business environment and the objectives we expect to meet in our management activity. We tend to take decisions, which are primary based on our perception of the world around us (Connolly, 2000). One of the major problems in management decision making is in that a person can hardly be objective in taking decisions. The lack of objectivity leads to the situation, when we do not take into account multiple environmental factors, impacting our decisions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evidently, there cannot be any better explanation to Lampert’s decision, that the self-perception theory. This theory deals with the human perceptions and the ways they incorporate their perceptions into their daily behavior (Plous, 1993). To be clear, Lampert’s expectations and beliefs into his managerial skills and the ability to cope with a large retail enterprise were not justified from the start. In this case, the major question to be answered was â€Å"what am I to do to make this enterprise profitable?† Trying to answer this question, and taking decisions in the discussed framework, Lampert has concluded that the best solution for the situation would be tying himself to the daily company’s activity. Moreover, it was not enough for him to stay ahead; he had to manage, but this decision lacked theoretical and practical foundations. This is how Lampert’s pseudo opinions impacted the overall performance of the company (Plous, 1993). Respondents are influenced by pseudo opinions when they do not know much about the issue or when they know nothing about it (Plous, 1993). In Lampert’s case, attribution heuristics has greatly contributed into the negative decision outcomes: Lampert was obviously justifying his behavior as situationally-produced. As a result, he has underestimated the lack of his managerial skills (Plous, 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Critical thinking is the integral part of the decision making process. â€Å"Most international managers find it extremely challenging to evaluate a written or spoken commentary on a hot topic because both sides of the controversy seem to have good arguments† (Safi Burrell, 2007). Has Lampert’s decision been caused by critical thinking approach? Definitely, it has: for a long period of time, Sears was criticized for lacking a management team with retail experience and for Lampert’s being a micromanager who hampered the business (Barbaro, 2008). As a result, Lampert was driven to the situation in which he had to admit his managerial mistakes due to the two facts: the external criticism, and the objective financial data confirming the $14 million financial losses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recommendations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The case of Edward S. Lampert is a brilliant example of a situation, in which successful manager has overestimated his skills and has not applied any critical thinking approach before the decision was made. As a result, numerous pseudo opinions and the lack of objective information have led to significant gaps in the company’s performance. In order to take a good decision, a manager must â€Å"understand, what result is desirable and the tools available to us for making good decisions† (Safi Burrell, 2007). There are several recommendations for a manager in similar situations. First, it is crucial that the manager avoids pseudo opinions. In this aspect, the wording of the question to answer is very important. In order to create effective decisions, managers must be able to formulate the questions. Properly wording the issue crucially impacts the effectiveness of the chosen answers, and as a result, the managerial activities which lead or do not lead to business success. â€Å"Be honest with yourself about the agendas and motives. Are you really gathering information to help you make a smart choice, or are you just looking for evidence confirming your preconceived notions?† (Safi Burrell, 2007). Not only objectivity and evaluation of one’s skills have led Sears to failure. It is also the inability to properly formulate the goals of such actions: what aims did Lampert have in his actions? Did he want to promote his enterprise profitability or himself as a successful manager? He had to answer those questions before he undertook any real actions which later almost pushed the company into the flow of negative consequences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his decision to quit day-to-day management of Sears, Lampert has finally come to one of the crucial elements in the decision-making process: he was able to recall the key facts and decision-making variables. The list of these variables included financial indices and persistent criticism of Sears’ performance. As a result, Lampert was finally able to take the best decision possible in the problematic situation. However, it is still unclear whether hiring a new CEO was based on any objective grounds or would require thorough re-consideration in the nearest future. One may hope that this re-consideration will not be caused by a new management decision-making failure. References Barbaro, M. (2008). Sears’ chairman will take a step back. The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2008 from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/29/business/29sears.html?ref=businessqG4vaywTPkZypAw Connolly, T. (2000). Judgment and decision making: An interdisciplinary reader. Cambridge University Press. Plous, S. (1993). The Psychology of judgment and decision making. McGraw-Hill. Safi, A. Burrell, D.N. (2007). Developing advanced decision-making skills in international leaders and managers. Vikalpa, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1-8.

Lyrics in Rap Music

Lyrics in Rap Music In this essay I am going to discuss and take an in-depth look at the topic of the role and importance of the lyrics in rap music, which are often violent, sexually explicit and sexist in content. In order to understand the role these lyrics play in rap music, it is necessary to consider the musical style that goes with them and even the hip-hop culture that gave us rap music. This culture, including rap music, originated in the USA, but its appeal has become international. In the first introductory section I will analyse the terms rap music and rapper, and I will briefly discuss the origins of rap music. This section will introduce some important artists in the genre, mentioning their backgrounds and especially how they started their careers as rappers. Usually rappers begin singing in the streets, which might be a way of trying to escape from their difficult lives. Nonetheless in their lyrics they describe what could be taken as the real facts of such lives. So one question is: do their lyrics consist of violence, sex and sexism because this is an accurate reflection of the typical experiences of their own lives? What made them sing such songs? In order to be able to answer this question, I will include some simple lyrics as examples of some typical rap songs. Then, in the second part of the essay I will focus on the listeners and how rap music influences them. Overall, my intention is to discover exactly what is the significance of the lyrics in rap music within the context of this musical style as a whole. Generally the term rap refers to a street poetry, using slang language and phrases to express the singers feelings and show to the audience their point of view about life. Rap music therefore refers to the musical style in which such poetry is performed, which is very rhythmical usually without much accompaniment. The people that perform and usually also compose this poetry are rappers. The rappers in their music usually talk about the realities of their lives and their social environments; such realities include racism or the difference between male and female, violent events and feelings, and sexual attraction and activity, in other words everything that they have experienced, lived through and seen for themselves. But why is this? Why do they emphasize such aspects of their lives and not others? This relates to another question: is rap music intended as pure entertainment or is it more a music of social protest? The reason that I chose to work on this topic is that I find music in general and especially rap music really interesting. I myself play guitar and piano. For performance, I like songs with clear melody that can be easily performed and played on piano and guitar. However, I do not like mainstream pop music, which is mostly written to formulas with clichà © lyrics. Rap music is something very different, something I have never tried to perform or to explore, so in this essay I am trying to get to know it better, including its history, and also to share with readers my research. CHAPTER ONE: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LYRICS OF RAP MUSIC Rap music became widely known in the U.S.A. in the nineteen eighties, as a reaction against the disco music of the seventies. It was then and it remains today a predominantly black or African-American style of music, in which the lyrics are very important. This can be seen in the following summary of the history of rap: Rap evolved from African people in general and black people born in the U.S. in particular. Its origins can be traced to West Africa where tribesmen held men of words in high regard. Later when slaves were brought to the New World, the captives mixed American music with the beats they remembered from Africa. Another origin of rap is a form of Jamaican folk stories called toasts. These are narrative poems that tell stories in rhyme. Over a hundred years later, rapping was a street art. Just as doo-wop in the 1950s, rap began in inner-city schoolyards and street corners in the 1970s. Early raps were boastful tales, and put-downs directed at other rappers. This music style was slowly growing in popularity among black teens in New York City, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia. As early as 1974 neighborhood block parties in New York featured early forms of rapping. But it wasnt until the commercial success of Rappers Delight by the Sugar Hill Gang in 1979 that major record labels took not ice of this explosive new sound. However, although the lyrics are particularly important in rap, many would say that the essence of rap is in its beat. For example, William Eric Perkins says, the foundation of rap music is the beat. The beat is the structure around which the lyrics are developed, and samples of selected phrases from previously recorded music, jingles, solos, and so on play second fiddle. In rap vernacular, those with the dope beats produce the deffest raps. Of course rap was and still is mainly a young persons type of music, and both the performers and the audience were and are youthful. Young people are often rebellious in spirit, and music is one of their main ways of expressing their rebelliousness: Rap music has stampeded through America like no other form of music since the creation of rock music in the 1960s. Like other popular styles, it has a history that is closely aligned with the rebellious attitude of its young creators; youth who rejected the contemporary music prevalent during the late 1970s (disco). However, rap is not only a rebellion against early forms of music and the lifestyles associated with them. Sometimes it is also music of social protest. At least, it is very realistic and the opposite of escapist. Mostly rap music is a means of expression. It is music of the street. In their lyrics rappers express their fears for their community, the reality of their lives, and they describe both the positive and negative sides of everyday life. Some artists come from environments that are impoverished and unhealthy, so music gives them a way of coping with reality, their violent and hard life. In this way they find a kind of shelter in their songs even though these songs describe their life and how hard it is. Thus they express their feelings through their music. Rap music differs from the other kinds of music, because of the great emphasis it puts on the words and lyrics. As said above, it is a kind of street poetry. This emphasis on words is because the songs are about real life. The rappers delivery is more like rhythmical speech than actual singing, although there is also a kind of very simple melody. The lyrics are not simple love songs, but reflect the complexity of reality. Eminem, the famous white rapper, who has had quite a hard life, is a good example of the way rappers make their actual lives the source of their songs. Shortly after he was born, his father abandoned him and until age twelve he and his mother lived in public housing. As a teenager he became interested in rap music, something that caused him to abandon school in the ninth grade and start performing with groups. The lyrics of Eminem have been criticized for being violent and offensive towards other celebrities. For example: Sometimes I just feel like my father, I hate to be bothered With all of this nonsense its constant And, Oh, its his lyrical content the song Guilty Conscience has gotten such rotten responses And all of this controversy circles me And it seems like the media immediately Points a finger at me (finger at me).. So I point one back at em, but not the index or pinkie Or the ring or the thumb, its the one you put up When you dont give a fuck, when you wont just put up With the bullshit they pull, cause they full of shit too When a dudes gettin bullied and shoots up his school And they blame it on Marilyn (on Marilyn) and the heroin Where were the parents at? And look where its at Middle America, now its a tragedy Now its so sad to see, an upper class ci-ty Havin this happenin (this happenin).. Then attack Eminem cause I rap this way (rap this way).. But Im glad cause they feed me the fuel that I need for the fire To burn and its burnin and I have returned There is a kind of aggression behind these lyrics which also allows the audience to identify with the anti-establishment attitude. They are also typical in the way they relate many different things together, including events in the news such as high school shootings, drug use, the media, middle America, and so on. Another famous rapper is a twenty-six year-old, Curtis James Jackson III, known as 50 cent. 50 cent is an American rapper who has lived a hard life. Curtis James Jackson III grew up without a father and was raised by his mother. His mother was only fifteen years old when she gave birth to him. He was born in South Jamaica. His mother who was a drug dealer died at twenty-three years old, leaving an eight year old boy who was raised by his grandparents. In early teenage he was dealing drugs, until he was arrested. He continued selling and hiding drugs, a fact that brought many problems and he was arrested a second time. However when he stopped he devoted himself to his career as a rap singer. Something that increased his popularity was his collaboration with Eminem. It is common and quite usual that rappers use violence and sexism in their lyrics. As mentioned above, violence is a means of expression of physical force either against ourselves or others and especially the weaker ones, while sexism is an attitude and belief of a person, usually male, that he is superior to or stronger that others, usually female. Sometimes a sexist attitude is communicated in lyrics that are sexually explicit. It is possible that the rapper did not deliberately intend to be sexist in the defined sense, but this is just part of his assumptions and his intention to be as realistic as possible. For example, the song called  «Candy Shop » by 50 cent is all about sexual activity and is apparently addressed to a girl, at least at the beginning, rather than to the audience itself (as in Eminems song above). However a little later the pronoun you is dropped and replaced by she as though 50 cent is now sharing his sexual experiences with his audience. Give it to me baby, nice and slow Climb on top, ride like you in the rodeo You aint never heard a sound like this before Cause I aint never put it down like this before Soon as I come through the door she get to pulling on my zipper Its like its a race who can get undressed quicker Isnt it ironic how erotic it is to watch em in thongs Had me thinking bout that ass after Im gone I touch the right spot at the right time Lights on or lights off, she like it from behind So seductive, you should see the way she wind Her hips in slow-mo on the floor when we grind As Long as she aint stopping, homie I aint stopping Dripping wet with sweat man its on and popping All my champagne campaign, bottle after bottle its on And we gon sip til every bubble in every bottle is gone Here we can easily understand the sexual innuendo. Whether it is actually sexist or not is a matter of opinion, probably the singer believes that it is just about the two sexes that want to have a bit of fun. Niggaz With Attitude (N.W.A), a five member band whose lyrics are openly violent (and refer to guns), are much more politically motivated. They have attacked even the police and FBI. Moreover the N.W.A has given to rap music its criminal image and raises the whole question of authenticity. This band has captured the essence of young black male rage. You dont really think youre gonna get away do you? We havent spotted them yet But theyre somewhere in the immediate vicinity. A 100 Miles and Runnin. MC Ren I hold the gun and You want me to kill a mutherfucker and its done in. Since Im stereotyped to kill and destruct Is one of the main reasons I dont give a fuck. Chances are usually not good Cause I freeze with my hands on a hot hood. And gettin jacked by the you-know-who. When in a black and white the capacity is two. Were not alone, were three more brothers, I mean street-brothers. Now wearin my dyes, cause Im not stupid, mutherfuckers. Theyre out to take our heads for what we said in the past. Point blank They can kizz my black azz. I didnt stutter when I said Fuck Tha Police. Cause its hard for a nigga to get peace. Now its broken and cant be fixed. Cause police and little black niggers dont mix so Now Im creepin through the fall. Runnin like a team. Well, see, I might have slayed yall. So for now pack the gun and Hold it in the air. Cause MC Ren has a 100 Miles of Runnin These lyrics express not only a lot of violence and rebelliousness, but also they use a typical kind of black slang. This is an expression of identity. As the song continues, it brings in the FBI as a way of proudly suggesting that N.W.A. is really important, or dangerous. The lyrics even comment sarcastically on how some of the enemies of black people are wearin our T-shirts! Runnin like a nigga I hate to lose. Show me on the news but I hate to be abused. I know it was a set-up. So now Im gonna get up. Even if the FBI wants me to shut up. But Ive got 10 000 niggas strong. They got everybody singin my Fuck Tha Police song. And while they treat my group like dirt, Their whole fuckin family is wearin our T-shirts. So Imma run til I cant run no more. Cause its time for MC Ren to settle the score. I got a urge to kick down doors. (The complete lyrics of this song are included in the Appendix.) This band is considered as one of the most violent bands in the decade of the eighties. Their lyrics were showing and describing a criminal life and a strong opposition to the police. Even the name of this band is openly aggressive using the N-word (which is taboo for white people) and the word attitude in a sense which means aggressive or rebellious. This allows young black people in the audience to identify strongly with the band, because it seems to represent black people standing up for themselves and asserting their power. Although this is not political in the sense that the Black Power movement was, nonetheless it is openly rebellious, and extremely realistic. CHAPTER TWO: HOW RAP AFFECTS ITS AUDIENCE Hip-hop [the term for the youth culture that includes rap music] is and will always be a culture of the African-American minority. But it has become an international language. So who are typical listeners to rap? Although rap is liked and appreciated by many people, it seems mainly intended for young black males. So do black females like it for the same kinds of reason? What about young white people (male and female)? What about older people? To what extent does the appeal of rap change from group to group? It is obviously difficult to answer these questions without carrying out wide research. However, the last question above matters because, as was seen in the last chapter, rap lyrics are important and express the experiences of rappers quite realistically, and it is possible that listeners with the same kinds of social experience will respond to rap more completely. For example, if we imagine a rich forty-five year old white woman living in St. Petersburg, the typical rap lyrics may not be so important to her as to a black eighteen year-old living in Harlem, New York. But here we have to remember an important point that was made by W. E. Perkins quoted in Chapter One: in rap, he says, The beat is the structure around which the lyrics are developed, and samples of selected phrases from previously recorded music, jingles, solos, and so on play second fiddle (see note 2, page 5 above). Probably it is this beat and also the possibilities of expressive dancing that go with it that makes ra p so widely popular. However, rap cannot be really rap without the lyrics playing a big part. So we can ask: when people choose to listen to rap music, what exactly is it that they identify with rap? Is it simply the musical style, fast rhythmical speaking with a very basic melody, or is it something else, the spirit of this kind of music? Someone who likes rap might turn on the TV and hear a rap song advertising, for example, breakfast cereal, but certainly they would not consider this to be real rap. For a song to be real rap it is not enough to imitate the musical style, but the lyrics must also be about the kinds of things that rappers sing about. These lyrics need to be realistic and unsentimental. This implies that people who are drawn to real rap are interested in the picture of life that it communicates and not just in the beat, even if they do not share that kind of life themselves. Of course they also enjoy the musical style, but this is most likely because that musical style is very effective in communicating what the lyrics say. It is also very energetic, and in performance is accompanied by a certain style of movement. Young people love to express themselves through dancing. However, dancing itself is not a socially meaningless kind of expression. Typical rap dancing is both masculine and African in spirit. Katrina Hazzard-Donald says, I was ambivalent about the hip hop phenomenon [which includes rap] until I noticed the dancing that accompanied the rapping; It was energetic, athletic, and noticeably male dominated, using a very African movement vocabularyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Like most African dance styles, these [styles] exhibit angularity, asymmetry, polyrhythmic sensitivity, derision themes, segmentation and delineation of body parts, earth-centeredness and percussive performance. Thus this kind of dancing is also an expression of the culture of the intended rap audience, young black males, not of their poverty or of crime or drug use, but their African roots. For them this dancing is a way to celebrate their identity. Other kinds of audiences can try to imitate this style of dancing but it will never mean the same thing to them, even if they really love it. What in my opinion makes rap widely popular, especially amongst young people, is its energy. For some types of audience, this energy is a kind of social rebellion. Rebellion is usually not explicit in the lyrics, but in the attitude of the performers (as the name of N.W.A, Niggas With Attitude, says). Through this, black listeners gain a sense of confidence, even power, and of pride in their identity. ANALYSIS Rap, as was said above, is part of hip hop culture. According to Katrina Hazzard-Donald, Hip hop appears at the crucial juncture of postindustrial stagnation, increased family dissolution, and a weakened struggle for black economic and political rights. Might one expect the pressures of mutually antagonistic social forces such as high unemployment, heightened job competition, and expectations of conspicuous consumption to influence both the popular expressive culture and the culture-creating apparatus of the community? I say yes. It is no coincidence that many youth of the hip hop generation have never known the relative security that some of their parents and even grandparents knew. This quotation says that the general economic and social situation affects a cultural expression like rap music. Therefore we can also assume that rap music reflects the general economic and social situation. It was shown in Chapter One that the lyrics of rap are often about violence or poverty, trouble with the police, and so on the kind of the things the rappers and their main intended audience meet in their every day lives. In Chapter Two it was seen that the style of dance is also an important part of the appeal of rap. Probably this dance style also expresses the socio-economic situation, but in a much more indirect way than the lyrics do. It can be argued that it is the rap dance style that makes rap more positive and optimistic in spirit than the lyrics on their own suggest it would be. Therefore, while it is true that rap lyrics, consisting of violence, sex and sexism, are an accurate reflection of the typical experiences of the rappers own lives, the audience experiences this realism in relation to a whole musical style that expresses energy and a sense of identity, especially African roots. It is both these elements together that make up the great appeal of rap. According to Anthony Bozza,  Hip-hop, in comparison to other African-American musical traditions blues, jazz and rock and roll has remained truest to its roots for the thirty years it has existed. It is possibly the most potent, least altered African-American cultural expression in history. Hip-hop has evolved technically, but its basic theme has survived: self-improvement with style. The earliest rap records, like those released a week ago, were about getting money, living better, having a party, having sex, defying mainstream society, and looking really good while you do ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Rap broadcast inner-city realities and established rebel stance that no hardship would keep the minorities who pioneered hip-hop from living, to the fullest, on their own terms. While this message of rap is probably strongest and most meaningful for young black people, and perhaps also for the youth of other relatively poor minority groups such as Hispanics in the USA, it is also easy to see how it makes rap music attractive to young people in general. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we have seen that violence, sexism and sexually explicit language do exist in the lyrics of rap music, and that this is part of the realistic use of inner-city realities, as Bozza calls them. However, to understand the role these lyrics play in rap music it has been necessary to understand their context, especially rap dancing and the wider hip-hop culture. In this context such lyrics are part of what Bozza calls the rebel stance. What attracts young people to rap is not the lyrics in themselves but the whole image that rap creates, as well as its sense of energy and identity.

The Princess Bride -x :: essays research papers

Journal of William Goldman's The Princess Bride   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The princess bride is an incredibly entertaining book. Although it was written mostly as a parody it contains many themes. The developments seen in the dynamic characters are astounding ones. The theme, or motif, which I'm going to follow through the story is that of Fezzik and his quest for self confidence and a good self image. From the time that the novel starts to the end, Fezzik achieves a good self image. He starts out with a very low self image and, by the end, he finds in himself talents that give him a better image of himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To begin with, Vizzini never allows Fezzik to provide an sort of input or to think in any way. When Fezzik, inigo and Vizzini first kidnap buttercup, Fezzik attempts to offer some good ideas, but Vizzini will have none of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ''I think we should kill her now';, the Turk said.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'The less you think, the happier I'll be,'; The Scilian answered';. (Page 83) And later on the same page:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  '…the Turk mumbled. 'people are always thinking that I'm so stupid because I'm big and strong and sometimes drool a little when I get excited.';';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ''The reason people think you're so stupid,'; the Scilian said, 'is because you are so stupid. It has nothing to do with your drooling.';'; Vizzini manages, with his constant verbal attacks on Fezzik to destroy any shred of confidence that Fezzik may have had before. Vizzini's ego is getting in the way of Fezzik.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From a very young age Fezzik was taunted by his school mates. 'At first, naturally, they were scared to death (even then Fezzik looked fierce) but once they found out he was chicken, well, they weren't about to let an opportunity like that get away…it would go on like that until Fezzik would burst into tears and run away.'; People never gave Fezzik any sort of chance. He has always been considered a fool out loud. Luckily he had his rhymes to comfort him. When Vizzini dies, although it leaves Fezzik in a lot of despair, it is probably the best thing for him. The stopping of Vizzini's verbal attacks allow to build his confidence. I think that the first big confidence building experience for Fezzik is when Inigo begs him for help. From page 224: '…Fly, Fezzik; this is Inigo begging you-- make a path—please!'; Well, Fezzik had rarely had anyone beg him for anything, least of all Inigo,';

The Importance of Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Essays

The Importance of Philosophy The question is Philosophy. Why is it important? What makes it important? To answer theses questions you first have to know what philosophy is. Philosophy is defined as: the pursuit of wisdom; a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means. This is the written definition of philosophy, but I think philosophy can’t be defined to just words. It’s more then words. Philosophy to me is an attempt to understand the world. To understand philosophy one must not look for a solid definition. It is easier to understand it if one is actually doing it. Why don’t you try it out now, take the ever so popular phrase â€Å"to be or not to be.† One thing can’t, be and not be at the same time. If something is there, that can be touched, seen, held, or even look at, you can consider it to be, to exist. One can’t say that it does not exist because the object in reality is there. It can’t be there and not be there at the same time. Another way to try to understand philosophy is to find out where it came from and what the word means when it is broken down. The term philosophy comes from the Greek for â€Å"love of wisdom,† giving us two important starting points: love (or passion) and wisdom (knowledge, understanding) First we’ll start off with love or passion. One must understand that philosophy shouldn’t be pursed without love or passion. You must not think of philosophy as work. It must not be force upon you. You have to want to do philosophy. If your love or passion in philosophy isn’t there, then you truly aren’t seeking wisdom. One must have a passion for what they are philosophizing to actually gain the wisdom in which they are seeking. Next would be wisdom. Wisdom is forever sought out by us as we grow and we mature. One normally doesn’t consider the seeking of wisdom philosophy, but that is where they are wrong. This search for wisdom brings us back to the prior topic of passion or love. When we look at things, most of us look for answers to how they work. For instance, snow; when you were smaller you probably had no idea what snow was. You probably didn’t know what is was made up of and where it came from. As a growing child trying to understand the world, one would probably seek out to understand how it worked. Thus, you probably asked your parents. This asking or seeking of k... ...uestion is always there but unfortunately the answer isn’t. What’s meant by this is you can always ask a question, whether it is good question or a bad question really depends upon ones interpretation of the question. Since the answer isn’t always there in philosophy you must not give up on it. What you must understand asking questions to further seek wisdom is good for ones mind even if the question can’t be answered. Then again some answers might even lead to into further questions. Therefore, you might be stuck in a certain question or understanding for some time but it doesn’t matter as long as you keep seeking of the true and honest answer. Now after all these reasoning and explanations, hopefully you can see what philosophy is and how it is important to our daily lives. It helps us understand what is going on around us. It helps us understand how things work. It helps us understand ourselves. For this we should be grateful to all the people who sought out for answers, who questioned other peoples’ thoughts, and who never stop seeking wisdom. For without philosophy, without human curiosity, without questioning, without asking, there in no way we would be where we are today.

The Nurse and Friar Laurence are responsible for Romeo and Juliets deat

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet the characters Nurse and Friar Laurence are to blame for Romeo and Juliet’s Problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The way Friar Laurence encouraged Romeo and Juliet to get Married, The way the Nurse is contradictory in her views of Romeo and Paris, When Friar Laurence secretly married them, the way the Nurse is secretive about the affair and does not tell the Capulet’s or the Montague’s, when Laurence gave Juliet the sleeping potion, the way Laurence believed he was doing the right thing without thinking of the consequences, and the way Laurence leaves Juliet’s Tomb when he hears the watch coming, all combine to result in the lovers death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In act II scene III, Romeo goes to see Friar Laurence to tell him that he no longer loves Rosaline, but has fell in love with Juliet. This amazes Friar Laurence, but he promises to marry them,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"O, she knew well   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thy love did read by rote, that could not spell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But come, young waverer, come, go with me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In one respect I’ll assistant be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For this alliance may so happy prove   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To turn your household’s rancour to pure love.† (Friar Laurence, Act II Scene III, sentence 87-92)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By doing this, Friar Laurence has gone behind Capulet and Montague’s back, and started the momentum behind the lover’s tragedy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a few parts of the play, the Nurse speaks of Romeo and Paris with Juliet, each time she has a different view on who Juliet should be with,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LADY CAPULET   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Marry, that ‘marry’ is the very theme   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I came to talk of. Tell me daughter Juliet,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How stands your dispositions to be married?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  JULIET   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It is an honour that I dream not of†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NURSE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"An honour! Were not I thine only nurse,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I would say thou hadst sucked wisdom from thy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teat.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LADY CAPULET... ...p;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exit Friar What’s here? A cup, closed in my true loves hand? Poison, I see, hath been his timeless end. O churl! Drunk all, and left no friendly drop To help me after? I will kiss thy lips. Haply some poison yet doth hang on them To make me die with a restorative. She kisses him Thy lips are warm!† WATCHMAN ‘within’ â€Å"Lead, boy. Which way? JULIET â€Å"Yea, noise? Then I’ll be brief. O happy dagger! She snatches Romeos dagger This is thy sheath, there rust, and let me die   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She stabs herself and falls† (Act V Scene III, sentence 144-176)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this act, Rome and Juliet die. This is brought about by the Friars plan to help Romeo and Juliet escape to Mantua, which failed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Without the meddling from the Nurse and Friar Laurence, Romeo and Juliet might not have died. Friar Laurence and the Nurse are responsible for Romeo and Juliet’s death. Bibliography William Shakespeare - Romeo And Juliet - Complete Edition

Implementing E Learning System In Indian Secondary Education Education Essay

1. Introductionâ€Å" It has been argued that computer-based communicating is the most cardinal alteration in communications engineering in the last 150 old ages â€Å" ( De la sola Pool, 1984 ) . The extension of the computing machine along with cyberspace has fashioned many alterations in all walk of life, particularly in instruction. This transmutation has changed the manner we larning and reshaping the traditional instruction system into a newer system called â€Å" e-learning † E- acquisition is defined as â€Å" direction delivered on a computing machine via cyberspace or Compact disc read-only memory † ( Clark & A ; Mayer, 2007 ) . Nowadays, e-learning is done by Internet in which preparation ( or ) learning methods comprises of power point presentations, pictures, chat devices and on-line web sites. E-learning is based on the rule that â€Å" Every human being must be able to larn through alternate agencies, to hold equal chances for preparation, independent of physical or clip restraints, to be able to take what and how to larn, and to be the focal point of the acquisition procedure † ( Bilalis et al, 2002 ) . The research aims to concentrate the impact on implementing e-learning system for pupils analyzing at a secondary and higher secondary degrees in Indian schools. The kids from classs 6 to 12, aged between 14 and 18 are considered for research. The research is proposed to be done by roll uping informations through journals maintained by instructors and questionnaires from assorted classs such as instructors, pupils and parents. It represents a assorted attack including both Qualitative and Quantitative Methods. The acquisition procedure through e-learning may alter the school pupils approach towards their surveies. By e-learning today ‘s kids may be allowed to develop self construct ; do learning independent, sustainable, of all time turning and develop basic determination for doing accomplishments. Students require higher degree of instruction to success in the new, cognition based society. This research chiefly scrutinizes the benefits, contemplations, issues and attacks to e-learning in India secondary instruction system. It besides highlights e-learning ‘s pertinence and acknowledging in developing state like India.1.1 Aim of the researchThis research aims to research the benefits of implementing e-learning in Indian secondary instruction.1.2 Rationale for the researchTo promote the pupil -driven lessons, where the pupils take the most duty for their acquisition. To demo the importance of heightening the present acquisition system with e-learning tools ( eg -personal computing machine, CD-ROMs, audio ocular AIDSs and Internet )1.2 Aims of the researchA comparing would be carried out between the traditional educational system and e-learning system two methods. E-learning will be implemented in anyone the Indian school for little period, and the public presentation of the pupils is recorded in the signifier of diary A questionnaire will be framed to acquire the feedback from the school students The result of the research will make the consciousness among the Indian instruction system in execution of e-learning.1.3 Research QuestionThe research as proposed in the purposes and aims above will try to reply the undermentioned research inquiries Could e-learning be a alteration agent in the Indian instruction system? What are the benefits and jobs in implementing e-learning in Indian instruction system?2. Literature Reappraisal2.1 Introductionâ€Å" To run into the demands of Indian planetary economic system, there must be matching acceptances of e-learning in child instruction to develop twenty-first century accomplishments. Computers are reshaping kids ‘s lives, at place and at school in profound and unexpected ways † ( S.K. Nayak et Al, 2010 ) .For transforming the India into developing state, it has to increase the literacy from 66 % to the ideal.But, it is hard to accomplish the instruction for all end, burdened by high figure of nonreaders and deep spread lies between urban and rural countries. Even though the authorities introduces new strategies like National Literacy Mission, Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and cooked mid twenty-four hours meal programme, the betterment has been slow.Finally, the instruction system should be changed. The replacement for the traditional instruction syst em should be implemented. This research aims to research that ; e-learning is the altering agent for this scenario. There are many surveies that stress the advantages of the e-learning over the traditional instruction system. The similar research is done on the subject Traditional Education vs. E-learning in the vision of Rumanian pupils reveals the undermentioned consequences that, â€Å" the e-learning platform increases the flexibleness of pupils study plan. The lasting entree to classs, possibility to hold speedy feed-back from instructors and decreased clip for survey determine the positive influence of the platform on the pupils † ( Tutunea.M et al, 2009 ) . In add-on to these, the undermentioned lines emphasis more on e-learning â€Å" The old regulations no longer use. Traditional attacks to developing the corporate work force are time-consuming and agonizingly slow. Old-style, trickle-down preparation with its one-style-fits-all attack merely can non maintain gait. That is what makes e-learning so exciting to so many people † ( Cross.J et al, 2002 )2.2 DefinitionThere are excessively many definitions of e-learning. The definition provided by the sellers is dubious and the academic definition provided by governmental and professional organic structures are more dependable, but still varied. The American Society for Training and Development ( ASTD ) is the universe ‘s biggest professional organic structure for larning and development. This makes it arguably better placed than most to specify what e-learning is. The ASTD originally defined e-learning like this: â€Å" E-learning covers a broad set of applications and procedures, such as Web-based acquisition, practical schoolrooms, computer-based acquisition and digital coaction. It includes the bringing of content via Internet, intranet/ extranet ( LAN/WAN ) , audio- and videotape, satellite broad-cast, synergistic Television, and CD-ROM † ( Fee.K, 2009 ) .Degree centigrades: UsersVIMALKUMARDesktopDesktop filesResearch filese-learning1.jpgFig1. ( Spinello, S. Online )2.3 Why does e-learning affair in secondary instruction?E-learning offer new gaps for the school students. It will back up them from the early childhood instruction in many facets such as A opportunity to back up and develop the kids ‘s acquisition and dramas experiences A possibility to heighten the rational degree of the kids, by do them understand the basic constructs clearly Opportunities to beef up the teacher professional acquisition and conceptual degree Opportunities to back up and beef up relationships and communicating between school students, instructors and parents.2.4 comparings between Traditional and E-learning attacksThe difference in the tabular array clearly explains the significance of the e-learning over the traditional educational system.MenuTraditional ApproachE-learningClass room-Physical – limited size -Synchronous -Unlimited -Any clip, any whereContent-PowerPoint/transparency/etc – Textbooks/library – Video -Collaboration -Multimedia / simulation -Digital Library -On demand -Syn & A ; Asyn CommunicationPersonalization-One larning way -Learning way and gait determined by user2.5 E-learning environment followed by primary Schoolâ€Å" Our student can now see about anyplace in the existence at any minute in history, and where the lone bound to what they can larn is their ain imaginativeness. Our kids are perfectly enthralled † ( Archer.M, 2007 ) this is the statement given by the caput instructor, Mr. Hicks of Broadclyst Primary School, UK. The Broadclyst Primary School ( 1810 ) in Devon have implemented e-learning by adding new ITech suite in their schoolroom. Every student have uninterrupted entree networked Personal computer with broadband cyberspace connexion. This individual schoolroom aims to revolutionise the manner instruction and larning takes topographic point in the twenty-first century. These sorts of e-learning system will make a wonder towards their surveies among the school student. The pupil exposes their sentiment that the schoolroom are like heaven. If, we implement the same sort of system in India, the pupils will acquire more hypnotized towards the school. It may diminish the bead out of the school student from the school.Benefits of e-learningThe e-learning creates more duties to the pupils. The pupils have to put their ain ends and larn the topics by themselves It allows entree to educational resources from outside the book through cyberspace. It allows pupils to come in contact and to work in coaction with pupils from other states and civilizations The larning stuffs such as class notes, diagrams and reading list are available to pupils at any clip. E-learning tools facilitate both instructors and pupils with advanced, originative and sharing thoughts. E-learning delivers larning faster. Use the scholar ‘s enthusiasm for digital engineerings. Salvage on cost E-learning -Learning anytime, anyplace E-learning allows the pupils to understand the construct in greater item and increase deepness of acquisition.2.6 Challenges and chances in implementing e-learningIntensive preparation to school instructors – Before implementing the e-learning, preparation should be given to the instructors in order to make a learning environment. Awareness and Workshops- while implementing the e-learning in rural country, the pupils and parents of that vicinity should be give consciousness about the e-learning. So the presentation, seminars & A ; workshops demands to be conducted for society in order to understand the importance of it. Bandwidth limitations-The cyberspace connexion should hold high bandwidth, or else it will take to slower public presentation for sound, picture and intensive artworks. It besides takes long clip for download. Consequence on teachers-Web based acquisition will take to decrease in work force every bit per as instructors are concerned. This will take to oppose by instructor ‘s organisation. Access-Every school will non hold equal chance to information because of entree issues. The schools with fewer budgets will ever confront this job. This is the major job every bit per as India is concerned, as there is large spread between hapless & A ; rich communities in India.Research Methodologyâ€Å" All research is a practical activity necessitating the exercising of opinion in context ; it is non a affair of merely following methodological regulations † ( Hammersley, M. et al 1994 ) .The research paradigm identified as most appropriate for this survey was an qualitative ( or ) ethnographical attack, the informations to be collected during the research procedure has to be carefully considered. Harmonizing to my analysis, it is clear that a individual methodological analysis can non be used in this peculiar country as information ‘s cogency and dependability may be rather low. Therefore, the triangulation attack, uniting both qualitative attack and quantitative attack is used to continue with the research. Qualitative research, as utilized in this survey, is utile for the â€Å" generalization of constructs and dealingss that have been found in the sense of an analysis of the spheres for which they may be applicable † ( Flick, 2002 ) The quantitative attack used in the research is the experimental survey. In this the e-learning is implemented in an Indian school and the feedbacks of public presentation are collected. In this instance the execution of E-learning in the school is the experimental survey. The ethnographical method of qualitative attack is used in this proposed research.3.2 The SampleEntree to pupils in this age group was discussed from one school, ensuing in a sample of 58 pupils. Three categories were employed to accomplish the planned figure for the sample ; Year 7 ( age 12 ) , Year 8 ( aged 13 ) and Year 9 ( aged 14 ) .3.3Methodology construction for the research:Analysis of the collected informations Literature analysis Result from the Data Analysis and Validation Diary Data Collection Questionnaire The program and the construction for the research will continue as per the diagram depicted below.3.4 Diaries:3.4.1 DefinitionA journal is a manner of roll uping information about the manner persons ( or ) groups spends their clip on professional activities. Diaries can enter either quantitative or qualitative informations, and in the research they can supply information about work forms and day-to-day activities3.4.2 Keeping DiariesDiary is used to enter the inside informations of day-to-day activities go oning in the category room. For this research 3 journals are maintained for three categories. In this research, after implementing the vitamin E acquisition in the Indian school, the journal is maintained to enter the public presentation of the students in school every twenty-four hours.3.4.3 Sample of information collected through dairyStudent involvement in the category Pupil Understandability of the major constructs Marks obtained in the trial The pupil attending Creativity of the school student ( any betterments )3.4 Questionnaire3.4.1 DefinitionQuestionnaires are a popular agencies of roll uping informations, but are hard to plan and frequently require many revisions before an acceptable questionnaire is produced3.4.2 QuestionnaireThe questionnaire given to pupils foremost will inquire the basic categorization inquiries, which concerned their gender, age and twelvemonth group. The inquiries that followed were decently designed to acquire the feedback of the pupils. Questions in each subdivision used a evaluation graduated table, inquiring for boxes to be ticked to rate statements on feedback ( strongly differ, differ, impersonal, Agree, strongly agree )3.4.3 Sample QuestionnaireAbout yourselfHow old are you? — — — — — — — —What twelvemonth group are you in? — — — — — — — —Are you a male child or miss? — — — — — — — —Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree1. E-learning is better than oldinstruction system2. I can understand the constructs really good, while comparing with the old system.3. Interest on the topic is increased, while comparing the old one.4.1 Data CollectionQuestionnaires:The questionnaires were distributed, completed and retrieved in the same posing by the schoo lroom instructor, therefore avoiding any loss or possibility of non-returns. In all, three categories were successfully involved in the survey. On norm, participants took about 20 proceedingss to finish the questionnaire.Diary:The journal is given to the category instructor, and he/she is asked to observe the day-to-day public presentation of the school student. This observation is made for around three Calendar months. Finally all the information is analysed and examined. In this information aggregation qualitative attack is adopted to roll up the primary informations. Diary and questionnaires will be the method to roll up the primary informations. The quantitative attack is adopted to roll up the secondary informations. Literature reappraisal will be used to acquire the information to back up the information collected through diary and questionnaires. Existing literature will organize the base for the research because it will supply the well defined theories and constructs to understand the research. Data will be collected from the bing literature and the experimental survey. The information collected will be under the scrutiny. The information gathered will be stored. The procedure will reiterate until a definite and satisfactory result of the research is obtained.4.2 Data AnalysisThe informations obtained from diary and questionnaires can be called as the â€Å" representational † and it is considered as the first information. The information obtained through the literatures can be called as the â€Å" presentational † and it is considered as the secondary informations. The representational and presentational informations complement each other ( Freeman, 2000, pg.295 ) . The combination of the two will give the deep cognition in the information analysis. The information obtained through the qualitative method will be tremendous ( Creswell, 1997 ) .5.1 Reliability and ValidityQuestionnaire will be dependable and valid merely through the value of the informations ob tained and satisfaction of participants. Dairy will be considered dependable and valid if the feedback got from diary gives the requested information. â€Å" Presentational attack † validates the information and the â€Å" Representational attack † helps the research worker to swear the information collected through the â€Å" presentational attack † ( Freeman, 2000 ) . Harmonizing to Guba ( 1985, cited by Creswell, 1997 ) , the success of the research is reliable on the information collected and it should be believable, movable, reliable and verifiable.6.1 PlanUndertaking Plan is the clip model for the research methodological analysis. The research worker would be successful in the proceeding of the research if the clip frame is followed decently. The undertaking program for this research has four subdivisions. They are planing dairy & A ; Questionnaires, Data aggregation, Data Validation, Research result and decision Designing Dairy & A ; Questionnaires: June 2010 Data aggregation: July 2010- Sep 2010 Data proof: October 2010 Research result: November 2010