Geopolitics and the role of energy security in the global level and Thesis Proposal

Geopolitics and the role of energy security in the global level and its impacts and challenges withen middle east and gulf cooperation council - Thesis Proposal Example There has been a change in the world order since the break-up of the Soviet bloc: America now is the only superpower in the world and this gives the West the ability to dominate by a combination of military and economic strength (Nye, 2011). One result of this is that the term â€Å"global security† is increasingly defined by America and its allies, at least until China reaches its full economic potential (Calabrese, 1998). There is a danger that GCC countries, who hold the key to future energy supplies will be caught up in any eventual rivalry between these two great powers. Military strength cannot solve problems on its own – other forms of power such as soft power or smart power draw in political and economic negociations as well (Smith, 2006). American foreign policy directed towards aligning countries like Saudi Arabia with American objectives, in order to secure stable supply of oil and gas (Brown and Hawthorne, 2010). The very term â€Å"energy security† is defined as â€Å"the provision of reasonably priced, reliable and environmentally friendly energy† (Mà ¼ller-Kraenner, 2008) but this is from the perspective of western states who generally lack substantial energy deposits, and have renewable technology which does not meet all their needs. Economic objectives in GCC countries are increasingly towards diversification from oil, gas and other natural resources, in order to avoid the so-called â€Å"resource curse† of over-dependence on a few products. There are major implications for all GCC countries because membership of the WTO involves signing up to GATT agreements which â€Å"involves dramatic and profound changes in the way trade was conducted in these countries† (Michalopoulos, 1998). These changes include measures like the removal of export subsidies and the introduction of Western-style laws, institutions and methods of governance. Most

The Supply and Demand of Oil Essay Example for Free

The Supply and Demand of Oil Essay Most people, especially the anti-American regime, blame George Bush as the main reason why oil prices in the international market has been increasing in the recent years. According to them, George Bush serves as an avenue for Iraq and its allies in the Middle East to cut their supply of oil in the world market as a â€Å"payback† for attacking Iraq. Back in the early 2000’s, George Bush commence a war against Iraq for the reasons that he want to end terrorist groups that houses in the said country as well as to spread democracy in the middle east. Iraq, one of the top oil producers in the world market, in response to the action of the United States, Iraq, together with other Islamic countries, cut their oil supply in the world market for United States to suffer from rising oil prices since it is the main consumer of oil in the world market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Little this people know, George Bush is not liable for the rising of oil prices in the international market. Iraq as well as other oil producing countries around the globe is a member of OPEC – an organization of oil producing countries operating as a cartel. Cartel, just like OPEC, manipulates the supply of a certain good in order to influence the market price in the market for the benefit of its members and/or depends on the capacity of oil that its member countries can provide to the world market. The said cutting of oil supply of Iraq and other Islamic countries was just a move initiated largely by OPEC and was not because of the war commenced by George Bush. Even if the said attack in Iraq of the United States influenced the decision of Iraqi government and other Islamic countries to cut their oil supply in the world market, but its level of significance was not enough in order to say that George Bush was liable for the rising of oil prices in the market. Price Gouging   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another fallacy that most people believed to be one of the factors that triggered the rising of oil prices in the market would be the price gouging of domestic oil firms in the market that unreasonably increases the prices of gasoline in the market. People that believes in this factor claims that domestic oil firms only wants to further increase their profitability and only uses the condition of world market for oil as a leeway in order to justify its indiscriminate and unjustifiable price increase on gasoline and other petroleum products in the domestic market. Moreover, say that price of oil in the world market indeed increase due to shortage of oil, domestic oil firms charges more than the amount that they should charge to their customers just to maintain their profitability. In other words, ignorant people about the real score on the rising of oil prices accuse domestic oil firms from cheating on them. Even if it is possible, the government would not allow such even to happen. There is a more logical reason why oil prices and other petroleum products are increasing robustly in the market in the recent years. In some countries, like for the case of the Philippines, they have the Department of Energy that monitors and approves the price increase of their domestic oil firms.   In short, domestic oil firms cannot just unreasonably raise their prices since the government keeps eye on them. Moreover, the value judgment of people claiming this factor as one of the factors that triggers the rising of oil prices in the market is based on emotions and on what they see on their immediate environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Just like the case of the first fallacy discussed above, these types of people hastily makes conclusion without conducting thoroughly research and study. At the end of the day, the association of price gouging and oil price hike is not but a fallacy, a fallacy of hasty conclusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Price Fixing of OPEC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Few decades after the establishment of OPEC, it mainly has the power to influence and manipulate prices of oil in the international market by either raising or cutting the volume of oil that they supply in the international market. But in the recent years, due to the depleting oil reserves of many oil producing countries, especially oil producing countries in the Middle East, OPEC has been increasing the prices of their oil in the market robustly in the recent years not because they want to but because they are forced to. But many people still are skeptical on the real score on the rising of OPEC’s oil in the international market. Those statements of many people claiming that OPEC manipulates the prices of oil in the world market are making a foregone conclusion (Peopledaily.com.cn 2004). Before this claim seems to fit, but now, amidst to the problem on depleting oil reserves of many oil producing countries, this claim does not hold anymore.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the end of the day, people, especially consumers that are not well-informed about the current situation of oil reserves of various oil producing countries in the world market, are insisting that OPEC, as a cartel, takes advantage of its market power and indiscriminately charges higher prices that what is should be optimally charging to its customers. Again, these claims of above mentioned people are nothing but a mere fallacy for they do not have the strong argumentation about the true roots of oil price increase in the international market. The Real Issue – Supply and Demand   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main and acceptable reason behind the pricing of oil prices in the world market would be the level of supply and demand in the market. These economic factors are the determinants of â€Å"right† and â€Å"justifiable† market price of oil in the market. There are no other factors that can influence the price of oil justifiably other than the demand-supply relationship since these factors are market driven and being controlled by all of the sectors in the economy. Demand, as a one of the economic factors that influences the spiking of oil prices in the market, accounts to all of the industries’ degree of importance of oil in the market. It also accounts all of the political and social factors of the market and incorporates these factors to the consumption behavior of the consumers in the market. In other words, demand is a good determinant of â€Å"true† value of market prices of goods and services in the economy. It is the market forces that influence the level of demand of goods and services in the market, and this market forces always provides benefits to the society as a whole. At the end of the day, demand reflects degree of importance of oil in various sectors as well as accounts all the social and political factors that affect such degree of importance of oil. On the other hand, the supply is also another important economic factor that greatly influences the price increase of oil in the international market. Supply provides the willingness to accept of producers in the market. Like for the case of oil industry, the oil prices that is triggered by supply factor is mainly reflects how much price the oil producing countries are willing to accept in order for them to produce oil in the market. In other words, supply reveals the prices that oil producing countries are willing to receive in order for them to continue their production of oil in the market. Given that oil reserves of oil of most oil producing countries are starting to deplete creating an avenue for them to supply oil less in the international market, it creates enough market pressure for oil prices in the world market to increase robustly. Since the oil reserves of oil producing countries are depleting, the willingness to accept of oil producing countries increases as a move to protect their profitability (Schoen, 2004). But increasing their willingness to accept would give them enough room to raise their profit since they can haggle for higher prices of oil in the market to the consumers. This scenario is the one that is happening at present times – oil producing countries and OPEC are forced to raise their prices, or willingness to accept, due to their depleting oil reserves and not primarily because of the high demand in the market, while consumers shoulders all of the burden (Newscientist.com 2007). The Supply and Demand of Oil In the recent years, the prices of oil in the international market has been increasing due to the depletion of oil reserves of many oil producing countries and member countries of OPEC. This issue has already been discussed in the previous part of this paper. It was identified that the price of oil in the world market already breaks its previous records. The price of oil in the world market per barrel as one the previous month is averaging to $140/barrel which only suggest how severe the shortage of oil in the world market is. Given a high demand for oil in the market, assuming a constant supply of oil in the market, prices would surely increase significantly since the willingness to accept and willingness to pay of producers and consumers respectively will increase. Since oil is one of the major commodity of most industries nowadays, the demand for oil is overwhelming for most oil exporting countries, and so with OPEC (Muhanna, 2004). But this overwhelming feeling of OPEC and other oil exporting countries won’t last long considering that they do not have enough oil reserves to supply the large demand of consumers in the market. As a result, in order to maintain their present profitability, OPEC and other oil exporting countries are forced to raise the prices of their oil in the market, regardless of the level of demand of consumers for oil. In this regard, if is therefore clear that demand and supply relationship of oil is the one that currently influences the spiking of oil prices in the world market. In this regard, it is therefore clear that demand and supply of oil in the world market is the main factor why oil price has been spiking in the recent years and not because of the above mentioned fallacies about the rising of oil prices raised by â€Å"emotional† based judgment of consumers and ignorant people. References Muhanna, I. (2004). Oil Price Hike. Retrieved July 26, 2008, from http://www.arabnews.com/?page=6section=0article=51086d=6m=9y=2004 Newscientist.com (2007). Depleting Oil Supplies Threaten â€Å"Meltdown in Society†. Retrieved July 26, 2008, from http://environment.newscientist.com/channel/earth/energy-fuels/mg19626273.900-depleting-oil-supplies-threaten-meltdown-in-society.html Peopledaily.com.cn (2004). Ten Specious Fallacies on Current World’s High Oil Prices. Retrieved 26, 2008, from http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200409/07/eng20040907_156168.html Schoen, J. W. (2004). How Long will the Word’s Oil Last? Retrieved July 26, 2008, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5945678/

The Sons Veto Essay examples -- The Sons Veto Thomas Hardy Essays

The Son's Veto Thomas Hardy was a novelist and a great poet. He was born into the working class until he married into the upper class, forgetting about his past because of the embarrassment it caused him. He was born in 1840 and died in 1928. Sophy is an upper class woman with a lower class background who is used to working class expectations and 'not up to the standard of the upper class'. Sophy had worked as a maid in the house of the reverend as a young girl and after his first wife died had stayed to look after the reverend. After an accident which left her partially lame, the reverend asked her to marry him. Her life would have been happier if she had married Sam instead. She would not have been caught between society's boundaries. An example of his embarrassment about his background is shown when he is alleged to have destroyed evidence of his past when working on his autobiography about him. He was reluctant for his upper class acquaintances to know about his poor past. Another example is the fact that he did not invite his family to his wedding. He was embarrassed about them and did not consider them good enough to mix with his new family. This is reflected in 'The Son's Veto when Mr Twycott ensured that the wedding was held in secret because it would destroy Mr Twycott's reputation. In those days people from the two classes could never mix. Another example is that Sophy and Rev Twycott gave up their home in Gaymead and went to live in a small 'dusty house' in London. 'They were however away from everyone who had known her former position'. This is an example of Rev Twycott wanting to get away from observation and gossip. They were prepared to give up everything to avoid gossip and hide ... ...ship with Sam, thus denying her any happiness and so contributed to her downfall. The Son's Veto is written in the third person. Hardy however, intrudes on the narration with his personal comments such as his comments on Sophy's hairstyle and the amount of time and work she spent on it. She had done it all herself, poor thing. She had no maid and it was the only accomplishment she could boast of. Hardy evokes the readers sympathy for Sophy by giving her a hard life who never gets what she wants because of the restrictions of society. Sophy had a number of weaknesses but I believe that the restrictions of society played a great part in her downfall. If she had married a working class person she would have had a far happier life. Generally, it is far easier today for the two social classes to mix, people are more tolerant about other people's origins. The Son's Veto Essay examples -- The Son's Veto Thomas Hardy Essays The Son's Veto Thomas Hardy was a novelist and a great poet. He was born into the working class until he married into the upper class, forgetting about his past because of the embarrassment it caused him. He was born in 1840 and died in 1928. Sophy is an upper class woman with a lower class background who is used to working class expectations and 'not up to the standard of the upper class'. Sophy had worked as a maid in the house of the reverend as a young girl and after his first wife died had stayed to look after the reverend. After an accident which left her partially lame, the reverend asked her to marry him. Her life would have been happier if she had married Sam instead. She would not have been caught between society's boundaries. An example of his embarrassment about his background is shown when he is alleged to have destroyed evidence of his past when working on his autobiography about him. He was reluctant for his upper class acquaintances to know about his poor past. Another example is the fact that he did not invite his family to his wedding. He was embarrassed about them and did not consider them good enough to mix with his new family. This is reflected in 'The Son's Veto when Mr Twycott ensured that the wedding was held in secret because it would destroy Mr Twycott's reputation. In those days people from the two classes could never mix. Another example is that Sophy and Rev Twycott gave up their home in Gaymead and went to live in a small 'dusty house' in London. 'They were however away from everyone who had known her former position'. This is an example of Rev Twycott wanting to get away from observation and gossip. They were prepared to give up everything to avoid gossip and hide ... ...ship with Sam, thus denying her any happiness and so contributed to her downfall. The Son's Veto is written in the third person. Hardy however, intrudes on the narration with his personal comments such as his comments on Sophy's hairstyle and the amount of time and work she spent on it. She had done it all herself, poor thing. She had no maid and it was the only accomplishment she could boast of. Hardy evokes the readers sympathy for Sophy by giving her a hard life who never gets what she wants because of the restrictions of society. Sophy had a number of weaknesses but I believe that the restrictions of society played a great part in her downfall. If she had married a working class person she would have had a far happier life. Generally, it is far easier today for the two social classes to mix, people are more tolerant about other people's origins.

Indirect vs. Direct Presentation Essay

â€Å"The Destructors,† by Graham Greene, both indirect and direct presentation is implemented to provide a multidimensional portrayal of the characters in the story. This device is effective because each type of presentation provides the reader with a different perspective into each character. The author presents the characters directly by telling the reader details about the characters and presents the characters indirectly by showing the reader. Direct presentation allows for more of a complete understanding of the characters while indirect presentation forces the reader to make inferences based on dialogue and occurrences throughout the story. Direct presentation is effective especially in the beginning of a short story because the reader gets a primary and absolute insight into each character’s emotions, which will in turn allow them to interpret actions and developments later on in the story. Mike’s young age, and childish naà ¯vetà © is immediately exposed when Greene directly presents him as â€Å"nine [and] surprised by everything† (111). Mike’s character is clearly defined with little left for the reader to interpret. The author can best express his purpose through this type of presentation. Greene uses direct presentation when he introduces major members of the gang such as Blackie, Trevor, and Mike. Greene reveals Blackie’s acceptance of his class standing as he describes Blackie’s reservations with Trevor’s plan. â€Å"He was just, he had no jealousy, he was anxious to retain T. in the gang if he could. It was the word ‘beautiful’ that worried him – that belonged to a class world that you could still see parodied at the Wormsley Common Empire by a man wearing a top hat and a monocle, with a haw-haw accent† (114). In this instance, direct presentation is quite effective because Greene reveals that Blackie is not a resentful character; this is a truth that would be very difficult for a reader to infer. Old Misery is also presented directly. Greene provides direct insight into Old Misery as he describes his background early in the story. â€Å"Old Misery-whose real name was Thomas-had once been a builder and decorator. He lived alone in the crippled house, doing for himself† (112). This saves the  author from having to digress from the plot in order to indirectly characterize Old Misery, which would in essence detract from the true purpose of the story. Indirect presentation is used throughout the story to reveal subtleties and more importantly, to accentuate the story’s many paradoxes. Greene’s usage of indirect presentation in exposing these truths adds to the profundity of the story. Greene cleverly shows Blackie’s insecurity when Blackie attempts to avoid Trevor’s plan of destroying Old Misery’s house as he feebly states, â€Å"there wouldn’t be time, I’ve seen housebreakers at work. None of us know how† (115). When Trevor taunts him and his leadership position seems compromised Blackie â€Å"uneasily [says], it’s proposed that tomorrow and Monday we destroy Old Misery’s house† (115). Greene uses the word â€Å"uneasily† to indirectly present Blackie’s insecurity and to distinguish him from his malevolent foil, Trevor. Blackie’s foil, Trevor, also known by the gang as â€Å"T.,† is a very bitter character. Greene uses direct presentation to illustrate the many paradoxes surrounding him. T.’s attitude towards Old Misery is quite paradoxical. On the one hand, he sets about destroying his house, treating him disrespectfully, and regarding him with suspicion. At the same time, however, T. expresses that he does not hate Old Misery when he says, â€Å"of course I don’t hate him. There’d be no fun if I hated him† (118). Although his destructive behavior is not personal, the consequences are tremendous for Old Misery, but T. is unable to consider such consequences. Another instance of indirect presentation is when T. takes Mr. Thomas’s seventy one-pound notes, but not for personal gain. Instead, he and Blackie take each pound note and â€Å"[light] the top corner, so that the flame burn[s] slowly towards their fingers† (118). Essentially, T. takes items that are inherently valuable, but he has no interest in making use of that value. T.’s attitude toward Old Misery’s house is paradoxical as well. T. said, â€Å"It’s a beautiful house,† as he â€Å"still [watched] the ground meeting no one’s eyes† (114). Green shows T.’s distaste for wealth and for the upper class  when he notes T’s lack of eye contact with the gang. He knows the house is beautiful, but his feelings about beauty, especially as they relate to social classes makes it easy for him to destroy it anyway. The Wormsley Common Gang is presented indirectly as a whole. Greene presents the gang indirectly rather than directly for the sole reason that the gang often thinks as a whole but is ultimately made up of many different members. This is shown when Mr. Thomas attempts to reach out to the boys and give them chocolates. Many members chime in their opinions on Mr. Thomas’ motives however, Blackie, their leader at the time, picks the reasoning that most suits him. â€Å"We’ll show him we don’t take bribes† (113). â€Å"They sacrificed the whole morning to the game of bouncing that only Mike was young enough to enjoy† (113). Even though none of the gang enjoyed the activity except for Mike they participated anyways. This instance indirectly reveals the insecurity of each individual gang member. Though the gang stands by the decision, none of its members even get enjoyment out of it. The gang’s judgmental tendencies and fickly characteristics are shown through the power struggle for leadership between Blackie and T. â€Å"For the first time since T. had strolled into the carpark on the first day of the holidays his position was in dancer. It only need a single use of his real name and the gang would be at his heels† (114). The fact that Trevor feels the need to go by T. when he is with the gang reveals his own insecurity as well as the judgmental qualities of the gang. Just a few days prior Blackie had been the leader of the gang however now they â€Å"[paid] no more attention to him than to a stranger† (115). â€Å"Blackie was dimly aware of the fickleness of favor† (115). Especially in short stories, presentation is essential. Greene does an excellent job as he masterfully uses both direct and indirect presentation to convey his message in â€Å"The Destructors.† He immediately develops the main characters through direct presentation. This way, the readers have a predisposition about each character therefore making the eventual character shift more dramatic. He uses indirect presentation to describe the gang and to reveal the subtleties and paradoxes within the story. â€Å"The Destructors†Ã‚  is an effective literary work because of its multidimensional qualities enabled by Green’s brilliant control of presentation. Work Cited: â€Å"The Destructors† by Graham Greene

Protect Children on the Internet Essay

As technology and the internet continue to make advancements and are more commonly available to children in school classrooms and public libraries for educational purposes, the need to protect and monitor our children online has also advanced. Congress has continued to pass such laws as COPPA, CIPA, SOX, and FERPA as an attempt to filter obscene and violent content while protecting children’s personally identifiable information. The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) of 1998, 5 U.S.C. 6501-6505 imposes certain restrictions and requirements on operators of websites or any online services directed to children under 13 years old without the parents’ consent. The Children’s Internet Protection Act CIPA was enacted by congress in 2000 to formally address any concerns about children’s access to obscene or harmful content on the internet. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was passed by Congress on July 30, 2002; it was designed to oversee the fina ncial reporting and auditing for financial professionals and pursues legislative auditing requirements to improve accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) is a federal law that is administered by the Family Policy Compliance Office in the US Department of Education and was designed to give parents certain rights with respect to children’s educational records. These rights transfer to the student when he or she reaches the age of 18 or attends a school beyond the high school level. As the need continues to grow for more protection of our children on the internet, the need for ongoing monitoring and auditing programs continues to grow with it. Content filtering and the protection of personally identifiable information of our children are only the first steps in protecting our children on the internet.

Amino Acids for Building Blocks of Proteins Essays

Amino Acids for Building Blocks of Proteins Essays Amino Acids for Building Blocks of Proteins Essay Amino Acids for Building Blocks of Proteins Essay Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They band together in chains to form the stuff from which your life is born. Think of amino acids as Legos for your life. Its a two-step process: Amino acids get together and form peptides or polypeptides. It is from these groupings that proteins are made. And theres not just one kind of amino acid. A total of 20 different kinds of amino acids form proteins. The kinds of amino acids determine the shape of the proteins formed. Commonly recognized amino acids include glutamine, glycine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and valine. Three of those - phenylalanine, tryptophan, and valine - are essential amino acids for humans; the others are isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, and threonine. The essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body; instead, they must be ingested through food. One of the best-known essential amino acids is tryptophan, which performs several critical functions for people. Tryptophan helps induce normal sleep; helps reduce anxiety, depression, and artery spasm risk; and helps produce a stronger immune system. Tryptophan is perhaps most well-known for its role in producing serotonin, which is what gets all the press at Thanksgiving time for putting you to sleep after the big holiday feast. Amino acids make up 75% of the human body. They are essential to nearly every bodily function. Every chemical reaction that takes place in your body depends on amino acids and the proteins that they build. The essential amino acids must be ingested every day. Failure to get enough of even one of the 10 essential amino acids can result in protein degradation. The human body simply does not store amino acids for later use, as it does with fats and starches. You can find amino acids many places in nature. In fact, more than 300 have been found in the natural world, from such diverse sources as microorganisms and meteorites.

The extent to which the principles of Scientific management are still relevant to modern organizations Essays

The extent to which the principles of Scientific management are still relevant to modern organizations Essays The extent to which the principles of Scientific management are still relevant to modern organizations Paper The extent to which the principles of Scientific management are still relevant to modern organizations Paper Essay Topic: Economics The Man Of Mode At the beginning of the Second World War, Taylorism disappeared and was replaced with another form of work organization: Fordism. Fordism appeared when Ford started producing Model T cars but by basing his production upon Taylorist lines. Scientific management was still used; there was an explicit distinction between management and workforce, each employee had a specific task to do and their task was timed. Fordism seems more closely attached to the production system of modern organizations than Taylorism does, since it includes Taylors ideas but by also introducing new ones, and this is why this essay will be centred on the link between Fordism and todays production system: Toyotism. At the end of the 1980s, Fordism, which had been at the base of economic growth in the country for thirty years, fades away. Changes in demand, rise in the workers strikes the organizations must react and readapt themselves, also in order to face the rise in foreign competition. The Japanese model of organization used since the end of the Second World War, Toyotism, was then adapted in Europe and the USA during the 1980s. But what can we say about this post-fordism twenty years later? The worker, who now sees his work as more interesting, where he has more responsibility and importance, is he now liberated from his constraints? Havent things changed, especially in the tertiary, which had been kept out of scientific management for so many years? And finally, wouldnt it be more specific to talk about neo-fordism rather than Toyotism? We shall see that scientific management is still relevant to modern organizations in a first part, and then shall see that this isnt completely true anymore. In modern organizations, hierarchy is still present. It will probably always be like this, somebody needs to be in charge or else there would be too many conflicts. Hierarchy is one of the three most important points of scientific management, along with the specialisation of the workers task and the timing of this task so as to impose a cadence. What Taylor wanted to show was that the old way of organizing work in the 19th century was too slow, there were too many gaps in the production process and that this led to a very low productivity. Taylor wanted a separation of planning from execution, and this is still the way that it works in the time of Toyotism. Every organization has a manager who will plan the work, see the objectives of the product or service, and then leave it to the workers to fulfil the concept. Nowadays, the hierarchy doesnt only stand out through the fact that there is a manager and that there are workers, but also with sub-divisions. In organizations we now find a managing director general, a manager, a sub-manager, foremen and so on. These all have different tasks, from planning to execution, so this shows that Taylors idea is still used nowadays. Leadership is therefore still present nowadays but it seems to be going through some changes. Alvin Gouldner, in Studies in Leadership, said that traditional authority does not command the respect and ready obedience that it once did. To achieve this obedience it seems like leadership is the step to take. Fred Fielder made a theory on how to be a successful leader. He based it on three interrelated factors: leader-member relationships, task structure and power of the position. The higher these three factors are the better leader you are (Horn: The development of modern management). It seems as if they are taking Taylors idea about hierarchy and developing it. Taylor had realised that to improve the productivity of an organization he had to time the tasks and make sure that they were done in the fastest time possible. This way every worker would produce more of a product per day and the profitability of the organization would also increase. This led to difficulties in the workers lives; they would feel stress and this wouldnt be good for them neither mentally nor physically. This was one of the reasons for the Fordism crisis in the 1980s, the workers contestations led to strikes and managers saw that it was time to change the production system. What the workers were timed by during Fordism was the work chain, parts and pieces would pass on a rolling carpet in front of them and they would have to assemble them so as to be passed on to the next worker. Today the work chain still exists for it has proven to work well although the workers dont benefit from it. In the fordist system organizations didnt wait for the demand for them to produce, because they knew that the demand existed. Organizations produced in vast quantities and stocked the products before they were sold. They therefore needed stocking space, people to look after them, and all of these made supplementary production costs. Nowadays, organizations wait for the demand before they produce. It is for this reason that, for example, if we are buying a car we have to wait a while before we actually receive it. There are no stocks, no papers, and these organizations also want there to be no delays. There is also a research of quality, and all of these factors impose a rhythm on the workers that they must respect, so it comes back to the same timed conditions that there were in Fordism and Taylorism. In both the taylorist and the fordist systems, the worker wasnt qualified, he had one task to do and was taught how to perform this task. This also led to conflicts; the worker felt that he was dispossessed of his knowledge and skills so with the new production system the workers became qualified. They learnt about different working posts, they could move around so as to feel more responsible. But through mechanization and the upgrading of computer systems the worker once again feels dispossessed of his knowledge and skills. Machines start replacing men, all that the worker has to do is to program the machine and it will do the rest. The workers feel that it isnt even worth having the qualifications anymore since they can be trained within a few hours. It isnt only industrial workers that feel this way, but it is also starting to affect the workers in the tertiary sector. In 1974, Harry Braverman wrote a book entitled Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century, which later became known as the Braverman thesis. This is now referred to as the McDonaldization thesis, showing the deskilling of work in fast-foods (Huczynski and Buchanan: Organizational Behaviour: An Introductory Text). The work in fast-foods is standardised, they produce the same hamburgers over and over again, so the work is also very repetitive. The employees are trained within a few hours, and the start at their work post. This reminds us a lot about Taylorism and Fordism; you have one work post and you stay at it. Either you fry the meat, warm the bread or serve the customers. There are other examples in the tertiary, such as the new information technology in banks, which simplifies the work of the workers. In the end they just have to write down some numbers in their computer and it will give them their answer. Cadences also exist in other areas of the tertiary, for example room cleaners in hotels who only have a certain amount of time per room. In Taylorism the motivation used for the workers was a system of economic rewards. These rewards were attributed to a worker when they saw that he was working hard, for example by beating the cadences imposed on him. Today salaries are a lot more individualised, but systems of economic rewards still exist. They are called raises, and they are achieved the same way that they were almost a century ago. It here seems as if we can rather talk about neo-fordism rather than Toyotism or Japanization, but there are other aspects that show that nowadays we use a completely different production system. Under other aspects, we can see that Toyotism is a new production system and that there are differences between it and both Fordism and scientific management. These differences are mainly to do with the workers tasks which expand, the new bottom-up style of working and the new remuneration system. Oliver Sheldon said that there may be a science of costing, of planning, of manufacturing, of dispatching, but there can be no science of cooperation (H. Pollard: Development in management thought), or in other words that in order to make things run smoother on the workers side there were changes to be made. He said this in the 1920s and it wasnt until sixty years later that these changes were made. These changes included task rotation, where the worker would occupy several different posts in order to break the monotony of his work, to make him feel more responsible and to allow him to get a more complete vision of the production process. So as to help the workers cope with their new work tasks the organizations set up education and training for them which once again also allows the workers to feel more important (Noon and Blyton in Organizational Behaviour: An Introductory Text). The work expands to more interesting aspects such as the upgrading of the machinery and the control of the quality. During Taylorism and Fordism the organization was what was called top-down, the orders came from the manager and the worker would have to do with it without having his say. Today this has changed, it is now considered as a bottom-up way of organizing the production. This means that the worker can give his ideas, and he is encouraged to do this through the installation of teams that work together. They have an objective to fulfil but they organise their own work. There is less hierarchical control and the group is responsible for its production. Quality circles are also put into place where groups of volunteers discuss problems and suggestions or solutions. Individual or collective rewards are given out if a suggestion is applied with success. The nature of the organization changed with post-fordism. There were changes in demand, the people now are after different products rather than standardised ones, with a research of quality, and organizations also must look out for foreign competition. During the time of Fordism, the companies tried to compete with each other through the price of their products; nowadays the price isnt the only competition between them, there is also the aspect of quality which is now very important. During Fordism, as soon as there was a fluctuation in the salaries it was generalised, there would be a collective rise in wages. With the passage into post-fordism, the salaries became much more individualised with the return of rewards as in Taylorism, but now not only for good work but also for good suggestions. Toyotism is seen as a new form of work organization, but in relation to Fordism, Taylorism and scientific management, some things havent changed, and this is not always for the best. We can say that post-fordism is fordism which has been humanised in social relations, it allows the worker to participate in the improvement of the production through the quality circles, and gives him more liberty in his work. On the other hand, hierarchy is still present, the working conditions are still poor in some cases, some workers still have very repetitive work and all of this leads to stress and to poorly physical conditions. Toyotism can therefore be described as a sort of neo-fordism as opposed to post-fordism since some of the aspects remain present.

The Use of I in First Person Narration

The Use of I in First Person Narration The Use of â€Å"I† in First Person Narration The Use of â€Å"I† in First Person Narration By Maeve Maddox Graham Broadley wrote: If I am writing a short story in the first person are there any tips or tricks for avoiding the overuse of the word i? My usual writing style leans towards short sentences but this seems to increase the frequency of the word â€Å"I† popping up.   Are longer sentences a way round the problem? Also, Im trying to avoid sentences starting with â€Å"I†.   Do you have any advice, tips and tricks for writing in the first person? It is inevitable that writing in first person will require frequent use of I, me, and myespecially I. This should not present a problem. In a first person narration, the pronoun â€Å"I† is probably as invisible to the reader as the word â€Å"said.† Besides, the point of writing in first person is to establish an intimate bond with the reader. The reader becomes the â€Å"I† of the story. Listen to your own words and thoughts during the course of a day. The word â€Å"I† is probably the most frequent word that forms in your mind and comes from your mouth. Plenty of websites discuss the use of first person narration, but I think the best way to see what works and what doesn’t is to analyze a published work of fiction. You might want to analyze some of your favorite writers to see how they deal with the pronoun I. For example, in preparing this post I took a close look at the way Laurie R. King handles it. Laurie R. King is a prolific writer, averaging a book a year since the publication of her first novel in 1993. She has created not one, but two mystery series. One is set in contemporary California and features Inspector Kate Martinelli. The other is set in the era of Sherlock Holmes and features Mary Russell. King has also written several stand-alone novels. So far I’ve read only some of the Mary Russell books. I find them intelligent, entertaining, and unputdownable. I’ll analyze a few pages to see how King deals with the problems mentioned by our reader. In the first chapter of A Letter of Mary, about 2,000 words, the pronoun â€Å"I† appears 60 times. Note: All of these figures are approximate. Here’s the breakdown on how the pronoun I is distributed: Mary 39 Holmes 7 Dorothy Ruskin (in a letter) 14. The paragraph with the greatest number contains nine: †Megalomania, perhaps; senility, never.† I stood and watched a small fishing boat lying off shore, and I wondered what to do. The work was going slowly, and I could ill afford to take even half a day away from it. On the other hand, it would be a joy to spend some time with that peculiar old lady, whom I indeed remembered very well. Also, Holmes seemed interested. It would at least provide a distraction until I could decide what needed doing for him. â€Å"All right, we’ll have her here a day sooner, then, on the Wednesday. I’ll suggest the noon train. I’m certain Mrs Hudson can be persuaded to leave something for our tea, so we need not risk our visitor’s health. I also think I’ll go to Town tomorrow and drop by the British Museum for a while. Will you come?† Sentence length does not seem to have much to do with the frequency of I. King’s sentences tend to be long. Sentences that begin with the pronoun I don’t particularly jump out. In the analyzed passage, 14 of the narrator’s 39 subject pronouns begin sentences. Bottom line: Write your first person story without worrying about the pronouns. You can always see ways to reduce them in revision, if you think it’s necessary. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†The Possessive ApostropheMay Have vs. Might Have

Internship report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Internship report - Essay Example Moreover, I leant that creation business relationship is an initial step for success and that the relationships need frequent evaluations. This was part of my job at Al-Ain Company. In addition to the responsibilities stated above. I was tasked to arrange meetings between the company and customers. This was aimed at creating good rapport and understanding between the company and potential partners. The company, Al-Ain is an Engineering and Contracting firm started in 1993 in Iraq. It started as Wady Al Ain Bureau after having some successful contracts in engineering and construction. Wady AL-Ain was certified as an engineering and contracting firm by the Planning Ministry of Iraq. Since inception, the company has been in action operations in Iraq and is responsible for many facilities and constructions in the country. Wady Al Ain has a clean reputation as a reliable contactor who can offer the terms of the contract beyond expectations. The company specializes in construction works, software engineering, network solution, telecommunication equipment and other technology solutions. The ability of the firm to deliver high quality solution has enabled it to earn partnerships with other firms in the industry and also from other related industries. Such firms include MÃ ¼hlbauer group and UTSCH AG (Wady Al-Ain n.d). In world where technology controls virtually everything, every company or organization needs up to date solutions. As an experienced company, Al-Ain seeks to enhance access to technology by businesses and government agencies. Its numerous services such as telecommunication enhances effective and quick communication through installation of satellite dishes, SIM cards, micro SIM cards and also bank cards to secure transactions. This has made the company an indispensable part of engineering and technology sector in Iraq. Other developments of the company include high security documents such as identity document and also data

Learning with educational games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning with educational games - Essay Example Therefore, educational games and some activities in the textbooks are good learning strategies that help students in overcoming problems of information reception and acceptance. These are activities performed by students in order to develop their mental and physical abilities and also bring them fun and entertainment. In addition, learning with educational games helps students to acquire knowledge (Al-Ghamadi, 2009). Play, as a part of learning, has a number of benefits to students. Firstly, it promotes interaction between individual students. As the students interact, they also get to discover individual differences and personalities among them (Van, 2006). This discovery shall help to understand each other more. Educational Games also help students with visual learning preferences understand topic concepts easily. Lastly, games boost mental health by activating the mental capacity. Learning with games usually requires that students cluster into different learning groups. One advantage of this clustering during learning games is that a student gets his or her capabilities and superiority over the others. This fact gives one confidence and heightens self esteem. Gaming also promotes thinking and imagination of an individual since most games are usually in the form of puzzles. Besides, these games have rules that must be strictly adhered to. As students keep on following these simple rules of gaming, they also learn and grow up to be law abided citizens. Lastly, learning with educational games in groups promotes corporation and unity among students thus; individual group members feel a sense of belonging (Balkis, 1987). A teacher plays an overall oversight role in learning with educational games. The teacher, other than identifying and selecting the most appropriate games for the students, facilitates the formation of various groups and defines the role of each group member (Balkis, 1987).. He also plans and schedules the time and place for these

Entrepreneurs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Entrepreneurs - Essay Example The basic attributes of an entrepreneur comprise risk taking, opportunity seeking, innovation, high degree of motivation, unconventional, positivism, goal-oriented, leadership skills, team management, problem solving skills and most importantly, ability to take initiatives. The innovative nature and ability to take measured risk differentiate entrepreneurs from other business owners (Cuervo, Ribeiro and Roig, 2007). Entrepreneurs are considered extremely important for social and economic development. The main advantages of entrepreneurial development are effective utilisation of resources, employment generation, creation of human and social capital, development of backward and rural areas, minimisation of power and wealth inequality, reduction in regional imbalance and economic growth. Cantillon’s theory suggests that involvement of risk in entrepreneurship helps in maintaining equilibrium in demand and supply in an economy. Entrepreneurial development for societal progress is supported by a number of theories such as, David McClelland’s theory of needs and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Bula, 2012). In addition, Schumpeter and Drucker argued that entrepreneurial innovation is necessary for exploiting unseen opportunities and encouraging changes in the economy (Śledzik, 2013). There are a number of entrepreneurs presently operating in surrounding business environment. Under broad categories, they can be classified as: social entrepreneurs, women entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs. Social entrepreneurs are by nature innovators, but they are different from business entrepreneurs in terms of purpose. They play distinct role in developing and initiating changes in the society. Social entrepreneur is an individual who recognises problems prevailing in the society and employ principles of entrepreneurship for creating and supporting scope of social ventures. Social entrepreneurs

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example Formal leadership is effective in managing and organizing people in an organization. Thus, leadership becomes incredibly important as it draws the line between organization success, failure or satisfaction and lack of it among the employees (Culbert 5). This paper is going to discuss effective leadership in an organization and the challenges of leadership. Leadership is very important in every workplace as it maximizes efficiency and allows employees to achieve goals set by the organization. Leadership is the starting point of all the actions that takes place in the organization, that is, the leader starts by informing the staff members on the organization rules, policies and regulation and describes all that needs attention by the workers. Thus, the leader sets the pace and the workers follow hence initiates all the actions involved in running the organization (Johnson 22). In addition, leadership entails motivating fellow employees with economic or non-economic rewards such as prom otion, which will ensure employees give their best of performance to the organization. With this motivation, the leader in the organization ensures that the employees maximize their potential and enhances organizations performance. Guidance also comes from leadership, as the leader has the responsibility to outline all the policies of the organization. With good leadership from a good leader, all employees will work under the rules set by the leader ensuring that all the employees work and flow together on their work (Kouzes and Posner19). Subsequently, effective leadership helps to build the confidence of the employees. For instance, a leader in the organization will provide guidance to the employees and constantly monitor and listen to the employee’s needs and demands pertaining to their job. This will help employee’s understand that the leader is concerned about their welfare and is among them, hence enhancing their confidence. Consequently, leadership helps to buil d an efficient and effective working environment, in that, it ensures that goals are achieved, an element of management. This working environment promotes the relationships among the workers as it provides an understanding in the work place (Giulian and Kurson 38). Leaders should also take time to listen to their employees’ problems and try to solve them, this will in fact promote one on one relationship between the workers enhancing working environment. Nevertheless, in matters of personal interest and the organization interest, leadership will synchronize the two interests’ ensuring that all the interest are met through coordination. All these factors above are vital for the growth and development of any organization and workplace. Without leadership, an organization will have no formality of running its operations preventing it from achieving its objectives. Hence, every successful business lays great leadership (Harrison, Greenfield, Fiorina, and Chambers 26). Bad leadership directly or indirectly harms the organization. It pushes away hardworking and skilled staff due to bad leadership, as this has a direct impact on the economic performance and general growth of the organization. In spite of leadership being a great thing for an organization, it never misses challenges that prevent it

Differentiating Between Market Structures Coursework

Differentiating Between Market Structures - Coursework Example In such context, fast food outlets will be the best place to grab a precooked burger and a hot beverage for the morning meal. With increasing consumption of fast food, America is experiencing substantial growth in the industry. Market statistics indicate that this industry is likely to experience a boost; hence its future prospects seem promising. Organizations in the Fast Food Industry In practical context, examples of established organizations within the fast food industry include McDonalds, Burger King and Kentucky Fried Chicken, among other companies. Within the essay, we will focus on Kentucky Fried Chicken, which features as one of the most successful business franchise in the world. Kentucky entered the industry, upon which it established itself as an icon in preparation and sale of chicken products and other fast food items. It is known for its finger licking chicken and attracts a wide range of consumers into its outlets worldwide. Currently, the organization has franchises located in different geographical regions including China and Indian markets. With current increase in fast food consumption, Kentucky Fried Chicken is repositioning itself in the global market in order to reap maximum benefits. Within the American market and beyond, Kentucky is tied with other established fast food giants like McDonalds, Wendy’s and Burger King. ... r of buyers and sellers, level of competition, prospects of market entry and range of products and services offered to consumers within a given market segment. Based on these attributes, the four basic market structures include perfect competition, oligopoly, monopolistic competition and monopoly. Kentucky Fried chicken operates its business within a perfect competition environment. Characteristics of Perfect Competition From a theoretical perspective, perfect competition is sometimes referred to as pure competition. In ideal situation, pure competition is characterized by presence of numerous sellers all offering identical products and services to potential consumers. Because all products and services offered are identical, then each seller enjoys a proportionate share of the market. According to Colander (2010), prices within such a market are not determined by a single seller. Rather, price elasticity of demand is attributed to consumer preference based on merit of product and ser vice offered by a given seller. Consequently, price of goods tend to be stable since no single seller had the economic influence to induce price dynamics. In this regard, consumers are protected from illegal pricing techniques since all sellers shall have to adhere to prevailing market regulations created by competition. In actual sense, perfect competition may not exist as ideally portrayed in theoretical constructs. However, typical characteristics of firms in practical business settings will place each organization under one of the market structures mentioned above. Marketing Structure of Kentucky Fried Chicken Kentucky Fried Chicken operates within an environment with infinite number of product sellers. Currently, there are thousands of fast food outlets across the world. Some of these

Mobilising Creativity and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Mobilising Creativity and Innovation - Essay Example 1996). In my previous work experience, I was a support worker in customer service, handling customer orders and fielding customer complaints. My domain-relevant skills were proficiency in utilising the electronic computer systems at the firm and excellence at understanding the procurement process along the value chain. In the creative process, I was able to draw on these talents and knowledge bases to come up with innovative service solutions. In this organisation, the service team was not provided with a well-developed training model illustrating best practices for handling customer support issues. Hence, the management team relied on our own creative ideas to ensure that customer’s perceived a rapid response, quality of service, and ability to fulfil their service needs. When first working within the organisation, I was substantially motivated through intrinsic factors, with a genuine enjoyment for the work and the challenge of dealing with diverse and sometimes difficult customer segments. However, over time, with a track record of providing creative solutions to customers, my motivation for creative output began to deteriorate and I was unable to come up with imaginative solutions in difficult service situations. The problem was that I was receiving no external accolades for superior performance and a track record of customer satisfaction. Careful self-reflection indicated a substantial problem: I was heavily reliant on extrinsic motivators to remain motivated toward the creative task in the long-term. The organisation maintained a social norm where it was commonplace for managers to criticise new ideas and there were ample political problems throughout the organisational model, which was identified by Woodman, Sawyer and Griffin (1993) as being barriers to the creative process. However, having been initially motivated intrinsically, I should have been able to overcome these social and organizational-environmental problems

Differentiating Between Market Structures Coursework

Differentiating Between Market Structures - Coursework Example In such context, fast food outlets will be the best place to grab a precooked burger and a hot beverage for the morning meal. With increasing consumption of fast food, America is experiencing substantial growth in the industry. Market statistics indicate that this industry is likely to experience a boost; hence its future prospects seem promising. Organizations in the Fast Food Industry In practical context, examples of established organizations within the fast food industry include McDonalds, Burger King and Kentucky Fried Chicken, among other companies. Within the essay, we will focus on Kentucky Fried Chicken, which features as one of the most successful business franchise in the world. Kentucky entered the industry, upon which it established itself as an icon in preparation and sale of chicken products and other fast food items. It is known for its finger licking chicken and attracts a wide range of consumers into its outlets worldwide. Currently, the organization has franchises located in different geographical regions including China and Indian markets. With current increase in fast food consumption, Kentucky Fried Chicken is repositioning itself in the global market in order to reap maximum benefits. Within the American market and beyond, Kentucky is tied with other established fast food giants like McDonalds, Wendy’s and Burger King. ... r of buyers and sellers, level of competition, prospects of market entry and range of products and services offered to consumers within a given market segment. Based on these attributes, the four basic market structures include perfect competition, oligopoly, monopolistic competition and monopoly. Kentucky Fried chicken operates its business within a perfect competition environment. Characteristics of Perfect Competition From a theoretical perspective, perfect competition is sometimes referred to as pure competition. In ideal situation, pure competition is characterized by presence of numerous sellers all offering identical products and services to potential consumers. Because all products and services offered are identical, then each seller enjoys a proportionate share of the market. According to Colander (2010), prices within such a market are not determined by a single seller. Rather, price elasticity of demand is attributed to consumer preference based on merit of product and ser vice offered by a given seller. Consequently, price of goods tend to be stable since no single seller had the economic influence to induce price dynamics. In this regard, consumers are protected from illegal pricing techniques since all sellers shall have to adhere to prevailing market regulations created by competition. In actual sense, perfect competition may not exist as ideally portrayed in theoretical constructs. However, typical characteristics of firms in practical business settings will place each organization under one of the market structures mentioned above. Marketing Structure of Kentucky Fried Chicken Kentucky Fried Chicken operates within an environment with infinite number of product sellers. Currently, there are thousands of fast food outlets across the world. Some of these

The Virtual Memory Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Virtual Memory Manager - Assignment Example The virtual memory is created by the operating systems when the computer does not have enough memory when it comes to executing a program. As mentioned earlier, the hard disk and the Random access Memory are in charge of data storage. On the operating system, the applications which are executed the data is kept in the RAM, this is to ensure that the data is accessed quickly for processing. The RAM can be easily be accessed as compared to the hard disk and CD-ROM. The data in the RAM is only accessible when the computer is running (Andrews, 2007). In case of a power shut down or the computer is shut down, all the data in the RAM are lost, and the operating system is gaining loaded into again into the RAM. The physical memory is a non-volatile memory this means it has the capabilities of storing the data even if the computer is not powered. The hard dismiss made of spherical disks known as platters which store magnetic data. The data are written, and it is later read using the read and write heads. The virtual memory comes into place when the system units lack enough the RAM space to execute an application; the virtual memory is used to transfer data from the to the paging file that frees up space in Random Access Memory. A certain portion of the physical memory is used in the storage of files (Carr, 2008). ... This is because there is a resource sharing of the available memory this increases the efficiency of the machine over time. The application, which shares the virtual memory, does trade the protection of the different address spaces for efficiency of communication. This also reduces the consumption of the physical memory. The virtual memory allows the sharing of the files and the memory by the multiplication process, with several benefits the system libraries can also be shared by mapping into the virtual address space of more than one activity (Andrews, 2008). The activities can also share the virtual memory by mapping the same block of memory for more than an activity; the activity page can be shared during the folk time, which eliminates the need to copy all the pages of the initial activity. The virtual memory architecture deals with various advantages over that system that make the physical memory visible to programs. However, one of the main drawback is the increased number of t he increased number of the physical memory which are vital for each virtual address reference. If the two approaches are combined, the additional memory reads are needed. The operating system divides the physical memory into different partitions, the partitions can be of different sizes. Each partition can be given to a process as a virtual address space. The memory management unit of the central processing contains a relocation registers. Whenever the thread tries to access the memory location, the value of the transfer register is added to the virtual memory address which is referred to as dynamic binding. This process translates the memory address into the physical address

Transportation In Houston Essay Example for Free

Transportation In Houston Essay The problems of transportation in our city have a series of branches that all affect us. We, as Houstonians have the duty to contain our city as beautiful and healthy as we can. This is part of our past, present, and our feature, not only for us but also of our love ones that are yet to come. It is very important that we as human being that live in this community do something to protect our environment and reduce risks for further generations. Do you think that there something we can do to stop this shortage of transportation? There are many different problems in our environment that affect everyone around the community. Transportation in Houston is a severe problem that we have now in days. This is a problem in our community that divides into a series of arguments that we are trying to fix. It does not necessarily have to fit in our lifestyles, as long as we set time out in our busy life to take care of the environment. It does not have to be something that relates to your career as long as it is something that you like to do. I am very interested in setting sometime out of my job, to take care of my community. Even if they do not relate, I understand that in doing so it can help provide a better feature for the next generation. As a Houstonian, it is very important for me to try to find a way to expand the transportation in Houston. By decreasing the transportation, the pollution produced daily will also decrease as well as the traffic. Increasing public transportation is a good way to reduce all these risks. In my own experience, I have seen how public transportation is very efficient. In my Colombia, we use public transportation as a way to get around to many different places in the city. It reduces traffic, and accidents that may occur because of careless drivers. The state officials encourage public transportation because it reduces risks and it is also economic. They also encourage bike riding and walking. They build a lot of trails so that people that decide to walk do not have to worry about having to walk on the street where they can be put into any danger. Here in Houston, the state does not provide those types of options to people. You have pedestrians that walk in the streets putting their lives at risk, and then you have those that decide not to walk so they will not have to worry about putting themselves or their loved ones at risk. That is why most people decide that it is better to drive themselves somewhere, even if it is close, then to walk there. I would like to be encouraged into walking to different places, or to ride a bike around. It would be better for people to take that decision if there were sidewalks available all over the city, so that people could move around easier. This would be helpful in many different levels because it would create a better feature by, reducing the accidents that occur on a daily basis. It could also help the economy, because people would start saving more money. They would have more money to spend on other things needed, if they are saving gas money. They would not have to worry about having to earn a little more money to have to waste on other important things they might need. It can be improving for everyone. The bad thing is that not everyone feels the same way about using public transportation. Some rather save a little more money rather then having to depend on someone to drive them around. They never stop to think about the resources they are saving. I was researching the internet, trying to find articles that explored the subject about public transportation. It was very interesting to find different points of view over this topic. They were not really reliable resources, they were more like different opinions. I would like to explore this topic more reading different databases so that the information I may inquire can be precise. I would also like to read more about this subject in different newspapers like Houston Chronicle, to see what they think about this subject. When I was researching this newspaper online I realized that they don’t have any titles that cover this subject. I found it to be really upsetting to know that they do not cover important subjects like this in their news. It is very important for people to be able to get informed about things that are becoming a problem in their city. This way they will have a way to not only get informed but try to look for options to try and solve this error. Other resources would also help so that they can better inform themselves such as TV Shows, and other programs. This is a very important problem that does not get talked bout to much, so people do not really realize the problem we are facing. They do not try and do something about it because they probably think that it is something very insignificant, that other public organizations have not worried about advertising it as much. It is hard for me to assimilate the fact that we are missing out on a lot of information that can help us make a better our city an even more beautiful one.

Kurt Vonnegut - The Only Story of Mine Whose Moral I Know :: Biography Biographies Essays

Kurt Vonnegut - The Only Story of Mine Whose Moral I Know "This is the only story of mine whose moral I know. I don't think it's a marvelous moral; I simply happen to know what it is : We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be." "Look out, Kid!" -Bob Dylan, Subterranean Homesick Blues Vonnegut's work is rife with instances of lie become truth. Howard Campbell's own double identity is a particularly strong example, although Vonnegut's message is subtle. His actions were an attempt to survive, but also an attempt to serve his country. Campbell would no doubt have survived regardless - survival is his special talent - but we aren't given any indication that he would have become a cog in the war machine. In fact, the opposite seems to be true. When approached by Major Wirtanen, his contact with the DOD, he protests that he is not political and will not help the war's progress. He was not an anti-Semite, and does not become one. Furthermore, in at least two passages in the novel he makes reference to a true self that he kept hidden. Campbell's "we are" in his moral cannot be just a reference to personality. Instead, we must take a less psychological view. Campbell pretends to be a man who incites other men to hatred. He becomes that man. It is in Campbell's actions and their effects, along with his societal and legal persecution, that we find the lie that becomes truth. As Mr. Campbell was not the only propagandist at work in Germany in World War Two, it is for the most part impossible to determine what measure of war and genocide guilt he deserves. Nor can we say that he helped win the war in the sense that those who stormed the beaches at Normandy did. But as he became his lie to the Germans, he becomes his lie to Israel and Kurt Vonnegut - The Only Story of Mine Whose Moral I Know :: Biography Biographies Essays Kurt Vonnegut - The Only Story of Mine Whose Moral I Know "This is the only story of mine whose moral I know. I don't think it's a marvelous moral; I simply happen to know what it is : We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be." "Look out, Kid!" -Bob Dylan, Subterranean Homesick Blues Vonnegut's work is rife with instances of lie become truth. Howard Campbell's own double identity is a particularly strong example, although Vonnegut's message is subtle. His actions were an attempt to survive, but also an attempt to serve his country. Campbell would no doubt have survived regardless - survival is his special talent - but we aren't given any indication that he would have become a cog in the war machine. In fact, the opposite seems to be true. When approached by Major Wirtanen, his contact with the DOD, he protests that he is not political and will not help the war's progress. He was not an anti-Semite, and does not become one. Furthermore, in at least two passages in the novel he makes reference to a true self that he kept hidden. Campbell's "we are" in his moral cannot be just a reference to personality. Instead, we must take a less psychological view. Campbell pretends to be a man who incites other men to hatred. He becomes that man. It is in Campbell's actions and their effects, along with his societal and legal persecution, that we find the lie that becomes truth. As Mr. Campbell was not the only propagandist at work in Germany in World War Two, it is for the most part impossible to determine what measure of war and genocide guilt he deserves. Nor can we say that he helped win the war in the sense that those who stormed the beaches at Normandy did. But as he became his lie to the Germans, he becomes his lie to Israel and

Aristotle Essay example -- Biographies Bio Biography

Aristotle was born in 384 BCE at Stagirus, a Greek colony and seaport on the coast of Thrace. His father Nichomachus was court physician to King Amyntas of Macedonia, and from this began Aristotle's long association with the Macedonian Court, which considerably influenced his life. While he was still a boy his father died. At age 17 his guardian, Proxenus, sent him to Athens, the intellectual center of the world, to complete his education. He joined the Academy and studied under Plato, attending his lectures for a period of twenty years. In the later years of his association with Plato and the Academy he began to lecture on his own account, especially on the subject of rhetoric. At the death of Plato in 347, the pre-eminent ability of Aristotle would seem to have designated him to succeed to the leadership of the Academy. But his divergence from Plato's teaching was too great to make this possible, and Plato's nephew Speusippus was chosen instead. At the invitation of his friend Herm eas, ruler of Atarneus and Assos in Mysia, Aristotle left for his court. He stayed three year and, while there, married Pythias, the niece of the King. In later life he was married a second time to a woman named Herpyllis, who bore him a son, Nichomachus. At the end of three years Hermeas was overtaken by the Persians, and Aristotle went to Mytilene. At the invitation of Philip of Macedonia he became the tutor of his 13 year old son Alexander (later world conqueror); he did this for the next five years. Both Philip and Alexander appear to have paid Aristotle high honor, and there were stories that Aristotle was supplied by the Macedonian court, not only with funds for teaching, but also with thousands of slaves to collect specimens for his studies in n... ...sofar as they are properties of all existence. Aristotle argues that there are a handful of universal truths. Against the followers of Heraclitus and Protagoras, Aristotle defends both the laws of contradiction, and that of excluded middle. He does this by showing that their denial is suicidal. Carried out to its logical consequences, the denial of these laws would lead to the sameness of all facts and all assertions. It would also result in an indifference in conduct. As the science of being as being, the leading question of Aristotle's metaphysics is, What is meant by the real or true substance? Plato tried to solve the same question by positing a universal and invariable element of knowledge and existence -- the forms -- as the only real permanent besides the changing phenomena of the senses. Aristotle attacks Plato's theory of the forms on three different grounds.

Nanny 911 Discussion

Discussion No. 3- Nanny 911 This clip of Nanny 911 was about a family who had two young boys. The mother and father were having trouble controlling their son’s behavior, one with his high energy and teasing, and the other with sleeping issues. The family was evaluated by the nanny and she brought many issues to light. Some of the offenses dealt with in this episode were the father wrestling with his sons, the oldest son, Ryan, pushing his mothers buttons all day long, and the youngest son not going to bed in his own bed at night, often times screaming and crying for hours on end.The nanny put the family to the test with her strategies to reclaim order in the home. First, she brings up two points from her nanny book. The first, which is aimed at Christopher’s nighttime sleeping patterns, has a solution of giving the boy more independence as he is getting off to bed. The dad would wait at the door for 5 minutes instead of lying next to Christopher in bed. This was a sort of weaning off strategy that eventually paid off. Next, the issue with Ryan and his mother nagging him, and he retorting with immaturity. The mother was to stop â€Å"nitpicking† and start positive acknowledgement of the boy’s achievements.This helped create a friendlier relationship between Ryan and his mother, as he began easing up off of the immature badgering and bantering that he had previously been involved with. The type of conditioning displayed in this video segment was of course operant conditioning. The boys were being conditioned by their father in the wrestling and sleeping patterns, and by their mother in the nagging and smart replies back segments. All the conditioning was ultimately resolved when the nanny broke the cycle of the parents setting bad influences on their children. The children followed suit and began to obey their parent’s requests.The reinforcements displayed were positive reinforcement for the boys with their baseball chart, a cha rt displaying good behaviors represented by a baseball for each good act. This chart is a positive reinforcement because it gave the children their freedom to enjoy their privileges as opposed to losing them. The father displayed Bandora’s â€Å"Bobo Doll† behavior by wrestling with the boys. When someone gets hurt, the father entitles the hurt boy to hit the other with a â€Å"free shot†. This behavior caused the boys to associate hitting with a form of handling situations.This caused more fighting and issues controlling the boys further. The law of frequency was seen here with Ryan reacting to his mother’s comments on what the boys did wrong. Every time she said something, he would chime in, thus escalating the situation. His mother then would punish Ryan for his talking back, which helped to illustrate a discrimitive stimuli example. Overall, the work of the nanny helped to offer a peace and balance to the family with their problems and going forward t he parents now know what to do with their behaviors and ultimately will lead to a much happier and healthier home.

1920s medicine Essay

The 1920s had many discoveries and innovations when it comes to medicine and science. Many of the things that we now take for granted were just getting their start during the 20s. Throughout the 1920s, new innovations in the medical and science field led to the discovery of vitamins and knowing more than ever before about the human body. New vital drugs and vaccines were created in this era that are hard to imagine not having today. The invention/discovery of the first anti-bacterial drugs saved more people from bacterial and viral infections than any previous time. Before the 1920s many medical conditions were untreatable or even deadly that we now consider to be easily cared for. Penicillin was one of the big medical discoveries of the 20s, the world’s first antibiotic. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Flemming when he was examining mold and bacterial growth. This discovery opened up the possibilities for killing bacterial infections and without this many other medical innovations would not have occurred. Insulin was another major medical discovery in the 20s. Without this people with diebetes would not be able to properly treat their condition and thousands would die from a now treatable disorder. Various types of vitamins were also discovered in the 20s that help people today stay healthy. The medical field would not be what it is today if it wasn’t for the research put in by people of the 1920s. Millions of lives were saved due to the medical discoveries that were made in the 1920s. Without Penicillin, there may have never been any antibiotics created and a bacterial infection would mean a slow death. Insulin saves those with diebetes lives daily and without it diebetes would be considered a deadly condition. Life just wouldn’t be the same today if none of medical innovations of the 20s happened.

Dehydration of Methylcyclohexanol Essay

A common Sophomore Organic Chemistry laboratory experiment that has great potential for further research is the acid catalyzed dehydration of simple alcohols. The classic dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol experiment that was introduced in Journal of Chemical Education in 1967 Taber(1967)JCE:44,p620. The rather simple procedure of distilling an alcohol with an aqueous acid has spawned several investigations that have resulted in formal journal articles. At the same time, the experiment has retained its popularity in the Sophomore Organic Chemistry laboratory curriculum. In one line of inquiry it has been observed that a mixture of 2-methylcyclohexanol diastereomers gives rise to a mixture of three isomeric alkenes Todd(1994)JCE:71,p440; Feigenbaum(1987) JCE:64, p273; Cawley (1997) JCE:74l, p102. Explaining the presence of the three alkene products requires an intense synthesis of information communicated in a typical SOC textbook. The continued popularity of this experiment is corroborated by the observation that Googling the phrase â€Å"Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol† on January 13th, 2008 returned no less than 20 hits for online student handouts and/or guides for this SOC laboratory experiment. Moreover, this experiment provides fertile ground for experimentation and innovation that has not yet been fully explored. At Dominican University, the SOC students performed this experiment during the Fall 2007 semester with not only the dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 153087) but also the 4-methyl (Aldrich 153095) and 3-methyl (Aldrich 139734) positional isomers. The reaction products were submitted to GC-FID analysis. As predicted from the Journal of Chemical Education articles, three methylcyclohexene products were observed. Their relative abundance measured by peak height was 80, 16, and 4%. The alkene products represented by these peaks apparently correspond to 1-methycyclehexene, 3-methycyclehexene, and methylenecyclohexane respectively. [pic] The dehydration of 4-methylcyclohexanol produce two products, that can be distinguished by our current GC column, at 90 and 10% with retention times that match 3-methycyclehexene and 1-methycyclehexene respectively. My current theory is that the retention times 3 and 4-methycyclohexene could not be distinguished with GC column and temperature program. However, there is still the issue of how 1-methycyclehexene is produced from 4-methylcyclohexanol. [pic] The dehydration of 3-methylcyclohexanol yields two products, that can be distinguished by our current GC column, at 80 and 20% with retention times that match 3-methylcyclohexene and 1-methycyclehexene respectively. [pic] Samples of 1-methyl and 3-methyl cyclohexenes purchased from Aldrich chemical confirmed two of compound assignments for the dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol. Obviously, it remains to separate the 3 and 4-methylcyclohexene by GC. There are several advantages of studying the dehydration of methylcyclohexanols in the first semester of Organic Chemistry: 1) The experiment involves reactions that are typically studied during first semester: E1, E2, and the 1,2-hydride shift. It is a time-tested protocol that has been run in hundreds of labs by thousands of students. 2) Analysis of the experiment involves the understanding of all three mechanisms mentioned previously and how they may compete with each other. In other words, it is a simple experiment that demands a rather involved interpretation of results. 3) It shows that textbooks â€Å"rules† such as the Zaitzev’s rule in this case, are not necessarily rules as such, but rather astute observations of general trends that can vary experimentally depending on the reactant and the reaction conditions. 4) Analytically, we are observing/measuring the presence of 3 known methylcyclohexene and methylenecyclohexane products that can be separated and detected by Gas Chromatography. I believe that the product mixtures can also be analyzed by NMR. 5) The reaction lends itself to an inquiry format that involves the study different reactants and reaction conditions on the ratio of products. In fact, this experiment, in my opinion, is an ideal candidate for a multi-institution collaborative study that combines and interprets student data. want to pursue point #5 further by first grappling with the current literature concerning the â€Å"Evelyn Effect.† The JCE article by David Todd, â€Å"The Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol Revisited: The Evelyn Effect† observes a kinetic effect that can be explained by proposing that in a mixture of cis/trans 2-Methylcyclohexanol the cis isomer reacts much faster than the trans isomer to give predominately 1-methylcyclohexene. The formation of 1-methylcyclohexene from cis-2-methylcyclohexanol would involve an â€Å"E2-like† anti-elimination of proton and the protonated alcohol. The dehydration of the trans isomer would go through a E1 mechanism that requires the formation of a carbocation before elimination of a proton. A follow-up study by Cawley and Linder: â€Å"The Acid Catalyzed Dehydration of an Isomeric 2-Methylcyclohexanol Mixture† involves a detailed kinetic study. Students began with a 36.6/63.4 cis/trans mixture of 2-methylcyclohexanol with a cyclohexanol impurity (% impurity was not reported). They performed thy typical reaction+distillation and collected fractions at 4, 8, 16, 24, and 28 minutes. They also collected a 0.1 mL volume of the sample of the reaction mixture at each of these time intervals. These fractions were analyzed by 1H NMR and GC for composition. The cis/trans rate constants for the dehydration of reaction were determined to be 8.4/1.0 – much less than 30/1 ratio reported in 1931 by Vavon and Barbier. An intriguing study! It would be very interesting to have the raw (student) data on this one. Very little is said about the product ratios in the distillate fractions, they just report that they obtained 2.1% methylenecyclohexane and not the 4% previously reported. The dehydration of methylcyclohexanols provides a fecund problem to explore. The key is to develop methods to determine the distribution of alkene products in terms of % total alkenes. There are four possible positional isomers: I. methylenecyclohexane (Aldrich, Acros, 1192-37-6); II. racemic 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene (Acros, 591-48-0); III. 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene (Aldrich, Acros 591-49-1) IV. racemic 4-methyl-1-cyclohexene (Aldrich, Acros 591-47-9). Two of the alkene positional isomers contain an asymmetric carbon. The obvious place to start is by studying how the alcohol structure affects the product distribution of alkenes. There are 5 positional isomers of methylcyclohexanol: I. cyclohexanemethanol (Aldrich 100-49-2); II. 1-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 590-67-0); III. racemic cis&trans 2-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 583-59-5) IV. racemic cis&trans 3-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 591-23-1) V. cis&trans 4-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 589-91-3). Three of the alcohols are present in cis and trans diastereomer pairs: cis 2-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 7445-70-1) trans 2-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 7445-52-9) cis 3-methylcyclohexanol (5454-79-5) trans 3-methylcyclohexanol (7443-55-2) cis 4-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 7731-28-4) trans 4-methylcyclohexanol (Aldrich 7731-28-4). In addition there are 4 entaniomer pairs among the alcohol starting materials. Most of them are commercially available, for a price. [pic] Besides the structure of the alcohol, what other variables may be explored? 1) One variable for this reaction that could be investigated is the nature of the catalytic acid. Aqueous acids, such as the 85% H3PO4 typically used for this experiment, contain some water which is also product of the reaction. I may also add that, the amount of acid is not always in catalytic proportion to the substrate. In my current protocol 0.075 moles of acid is used to dehydrate 0.2 moles of alcohol. Non-aqueous acids may give different results. Acidic resins are an interesting substitute for aqueous acids. For example, John Ludeman and Kurt Field of Bradley University presented a poster at the 2006 ACS Great Lakes Regional Meeting on the use of Dowex 50WX2-100, Amberlite IRC-50S, and Amberlyst 15, for the dehydration of alcohols. 2) Another variable would be the reaction conditions. In the current paradigm, the alkene is distilled away from the reaction mixture. Presumably, it is being distilled away as it is formed. An ad-hoc observation is that students seem to get somewhat different product ratios if they distill is carefully or if they â€Å"crank up the heat† and distill it quicker. What if the reaction mixture was refluxed to equilibrium before distillation? Would we see more thermodynamic products? 3) Reaction conditions could be changed in other ways too. Microwave irradiation is currently being explored as an alternative to heating reactions. Possibly, sonication could also be performed on the alcohol. 4) Another avenue to explore may be different strategies to push the reaction towards the products other than distilling off the alkene. For example, removing water with molecular sieves may be tried. The last installment of this series will explore the logistics of â€Å"dehydration of methylcycohexanols† as a collaborative experiments. The most straightforward collaboration would be to perform the â€Å"dehydration of methylcycohexanols† experiment in the same way and compare the relative yield of alkenes as measured by GC from different starting alcohols. Comparisons could be made with past data or concurrently collected data from different institutions. This may be seem fairly straightforward, but there will most likely be discrepancies that could will need to be explored. One aspect to make note of would be the source and composition of the methylcyclohexanols used a starting materials. Sigma-Aldrich has †¢ 1-methylcyclohexanol #M38214; †¢ 2-methylcyclohexanol #66320, #215295, #178829, #24113, & #153087, †¢ 3-methylcyclohexanol #139734; †¢ 4-methylcyclohexanol #66360, #104183, #104191, & #153095; †¢ as well as just plain methylcyclohexanol #66370. An experimental variable that is hard to control is rate of heating. Students who crank up the hot plate to get done quickly (even though they were told not to) may get different results than those students who go slowly and maintain an even temperature. Different GC columns and methods may also give results that need to be corroborated.

Intervention and health impact analysis Coursework

Intervention and health impact analysis - Coursework Example Now with the 5-tier pyramid containing different forms of interventions to maintain life expectancy in countries that have developed, it will ensure the means of preventing diseases, reduction of spread level and improvement in economic growth to emerge. In addition, there is improved living standards, and with improved ways of treatments (Frieden, 2010). With the pyramid, it helps in addressing the determinants of socioeconomic at the bottom and public health interventions e.g. clean water with safe infrastructure, protective interventions like immunizations with long lasting importance with clinical care and lastly education counseling located at the top of the pyramid. The socioeconomic factors situated at the bottom of the 5-tier pyramid mostly explains on economic issues or health indicators like poverty eradication, advanced education for the benefit of the society (Frieden, 2010). With increase in wealth, roads are constructed increasing the number of vehicles and a result leads to pollutions and deaths from the accidents but all the problems can be prevented by the improved health like availability of clean water and sanitation making the bicycle and scooter rentals a better option. Additionally, with changes in the context, it motivates health decisions regardless of education, provision of service, income, and many other factors. On the contrary, people who use cabs and other fuelled countries with lack of these are encouraged by brushing their teeth. Activities that lead to the elimination and the exposure of asbestos, salt iodination, clean water, air and food, improved road construction that helps in the creation of advanced healthier practices (Lowe, 2002). Besides the above case, the bicycle and scooter rentals is an imperative intervention since the inventions are in place to prevent cardiovascular diseases yet it is erratic with adherence that may not be predicted with unreliable effectiveness. The

Health, Safety and Security in the Salon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health, Safety and Security in the Salon - Essay Example The staff can pose health risks to clients when they use wet hands in washing the hair and when working with wet hair. The clients and the staffs normally suffer from dermatitis, increased skin sensitivity and severely dry skin. The use of wet hands in delivering the services to customers occurs when there is no usage of non latex gloves by the staff. In addition, the staff may not have necessary training to dry their hands thoroughly and to reduce the moisture when handling wet hair. Further, the staffs are not provided with non perfumed hand cream to ensure that their hands are dry (Green, 2004). Hair dressing products and chemicals also pose safety and health risks to clients and to the staff. Lightening bleach products may cause eye or skin irritation to the staff and clients. This is due to the purchasing of dusty bleaches and their usage in the salon. Dusty bleaches affect the health of clients and the staff because they lead to breathing allergies and irritation. Other chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide used as a developer or neutralizer may also cause eye or skin irritation if not used well by the staff. This is due to the inability to use the recommended concentrations. Hydrogen peroxide may also be stored closer to light, heat and other products. Further, oxidative colorants also cause eye and skin irritation to the workers in the salon as well as the clients. Wrong usage of oxidative colorants is due to the inability of the staff to check the customer history of allergy so as to prevent damage to the scalp.

Entrepreneurship International new ventures - internalization, growth Thesis - 1

Entrepreneurship International new ventures - internalization, growth path, Measutement - Thesis Example Logitech and Skype are two firms that started out as international new ventures. Logitech and Skype are selected for case studies because they both represent the opportunities accorded international entrepreneurs and at the same time represent two different types of opportunities and risks taken and how those risks pay off and can be detrimental to international entrepreneurs. In this regard, Logitech represents how risks in international entrepreneurships can be profitable and Skype represents how risks can actually be detrimental to international new ventures. The results of this study confirm both network and internationalization theories. These results are discussed and implications for theory and practice are also discussed. Studies on international firms often focus on multi-national enterprises (MNE) which usually begin as large and powerful domestic firms that eventually branch out into the international arena (Oviatt & McDougall, 1994). However, advances in technology and an increase in the number of individuals with experience in international business have opened up opportunities for non-traditional MNEs (Oviatt & McDougall, 1994). Since the 1990s, there have been a significant and progressive growth in the number of ‘new and young firms’ that join the international market from the start (McDougall, Oviatt, & Shrader, 2003, p. 59). This trend in internationalisation from the start is known as International New Ventures (INV) (McDougall, et al., 2003). Researchers have attempted to understand why new firms which are comparatively small, would assume the additional ‘risk’ of venturing directly into the international market (McDougall, et al., 2003, p. 60). Traditional international business theories fail to provide a framework for analysing and understanding why international entrepreneurs venture out into the global market place from inception. This is because traditional international